Short‐term overeating results in incomplete energy intake compensation regardless of energy density or macronutrient composition

Abstract

Objective To evaluate the effects of overeating (140% of energy requirements) a high-fat low-energy density diet (HF/LED, 1.05kcal/g), high-fat high-energy density diet (HF/HED, 1.60kcal/g), and high-carbohydrate (HC) LED (1.05kcal/g) for 2-days on subsequent 4-day energy intake (EI), activity levels, appetite, and mood. Design and Methods Using a randomized cross-over design, energy expenditure and EI were standardized during overeating. Results In 20 adults with a mean±SD BMI of 30.7±4.6kg/m2, EI was not suppressed until the second day after overeating and accounted for ~30% of the excess EI. Reductions in EI did not differ among the 3 diets or across days. Overeating had no effect on subsequent energy expenditure but steps/day decreased after the HC/LED and HF/HED. Sleep time was increased after the HF/HED compared to both LEDs. After overeating a HF/HED vs. HF/LED, carbohydrate cravings, hunger, prospective food consumption, and sadness increased and satisfaction, relaxation, and tranquility decreased. Conclusions Diet type, time, or their interaction had no impact on compensation over 4 days. No adaptive thermogenesis was observed. The HF/HED vs. HF/LED had detrimental effects on food cravings, appetite, and mood. These results suggest short-term overeating is associated with incomplete compensation.

Usual Dietary Energy Density Distribution Is Positively Associated with Excess Body Weight in Mexican Children ,

“…Studies in adults showed that there may be corrective responses to energy intake variation with a lag time between 3 and 6 d (11,12). It remains unclear if this corrective response is effective for both under-and overconsumption (13) and if it is similar in children. Studies of the association between DED and weight gain in children in freeliving conditions and in the long term have shown varied results.…”

Association between Dietary Energy Density and Mental Health in Overweight/Obese Women

“…The prevalence of obesity has progressively risen in all parts of the world during the last decades and has become a main public health concern. It is well-known that the positive energy balance, usually resulted from excessive intake of energy, is the fundamental dietary factor associated with weight gain (1). Assessment of the overall impact of diet is commonly preferred for evaluation of single dietary constituents, such as energy intake.…”

Measured energy content of frequently purchased restaurant meals: multi-country cross sectional study

“… 20 21 22 23 24 Furthermore, the positive relation between frequency of eating out and higher overall energy intake and weight gain is consistent with experimental data suggesting a low ability to compensate for bouts of overeating by equivalent undereating on other occasions. 25 26 27 28 29 However, almost all data have been collected in the US, 20 21 23 and very little information is available from other countries, 24 especially the low and middle income countries where rates of obesity are rising very rapidly.…”