Identification and functional characterization of two Δ12-fatty acid desaturases associated with essential linoleic acid biosynthesis in<i>Physcomitrella patens</i>

Chodok, Pichit; Eiamsa-ard, Pradinunt; Cove, David J.; Quatrano, Ralph S.; Kaewsuwan, Sireewan

doi:10.1007/s10295-013-1285-3

Cited by 18 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…conversion of OA to LA by expression in S. cerevisiae that lacks PUFA. For this reason, a S. cerevisiae expression system is often employed for functional characterization of enzymes engaged in PUFA biosynthesis [43,55,77]. Functional characterization of NoD12 in S. cerevisiae showed that this enzyme converted endogenous yeast OA to LA but did not accept palmitoleic acid (16:1 n − 7) as a substrate.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In photosynthetic cells, LA can be produced by two Δ12-desaturase isoforms in two different cellular compartments, the plastid and the ER [42]. The microsomal Δ12-fatty acid desaturase (FAD2) located in the ER uses predominantly phosphatidylcholine (PC) as a substrate, and the plastidial Δ12-fatty acid desaturase (FAD6), located in the chloroplast, uses primarily glycoglycerolipids as substrates [43,44]. In some microalgae, the extraplastidial betaine lipids are deemed to be another lipid substrate for microsomal Δ12-desaturase [45].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Metabolic engineering toward enhanced LC-PUFA biosynthesis in Nannochloropsis oceanica : Overexpression of endogenous Δ12 desaturase driven by stress-inducible promoter leads to enhanced deposition of polyunsaturated fatty acids in TAG

et al. 2015

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolic engineering toward enhanced LC-PUFA biosynthesis in Nannochloropsis oceanica : Overexpression of endogenous Δ12 desaturase driven by stress-inducible promoter leads to enhanced deposition of polyunsaturated fatty acids in TAG

et al. 2015

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“…According to the location in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) or plastids, Δ 12 FADs are divided into microsomal (FAD2) and plastid (FAD6) enzymes. In recent years, FAD2 genes have been identified and functionally analyzed in a variety of organisms, including plants, fungi, and some other lower animals [ 1,10]. To date, the FAD2 gene has been cloned from many plant species.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cloning and Functional Analysis of the FAD2 Gene Family from Desert Shrub Artemisia sphaerocephala

Miao

zhang

et al. 2019

Preprint

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Background: Linoleic acid is an important polyunsaturated fatty acid, required for all eukaryotes. Microsomal delta-12 (Δ12) oleate desaturase (FAD2) is a key enzyme for linoleic acid biosynthesis. Desert shrub Artemisia sphaerocephala is rich in linoleic acid, it has a large FAD2 gene family with twenty-six members. The objective of this work is to study the difference and potentially functionality of AsFAD2 family members. Results: Full-length cDNAs of twenty-one AsFAD2 genes were obtained from A. sphaerocephala. The putative polypeptides encoded by AsFAD2 family genes showed a high level of sequence similarity and were relatively conserved during evolution. The motif composition was relatively conservative. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed that the AsFAD2-1 gene was strongly expressed in developing seeds, which may be closely associated with the high accumulating ability of linoleic acid in A. sphaerocephala seeds. Although different AsFAD2 family members showed diverse response to salt stress, the overall mRNA levels of the AsFAD2 family genes was stable, suggesting that the AsFAD2 family may play an important role in the adaptation of A. sphaerocephala to the harsh desert environment. Transient expression of AsFAD2 genes in the Nicotiana benthamiana leaves revealed that the encoded proteins were all located in the endoplasmic reticulum. Heterologous expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae suggested that only three AsFAD2 enzymes, AsFAD2-1, -10, and -23, were Δ12 oleate desaturases, which could convert oleic acid to linoleic acid, whereas AsFAD2-1 and AsFAD2-10 could also produce palmitolinoleic acid. Conclusions: This research reported the cloning, expression studies, subcellular localization and functional identification of the large AsFAD2 gene family. These results should be helpful in understanding of fatty acid biosynthesis in A. sphaerocephala, and can be applied in the study of plant fatty acids traits.

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“…Moreover, some species, such as those regularly exposed to stressful environmental conditions, may require much higher quantities of LA compared to closely related species inhabiting more hospitable environments. For example, some species of yeast and algae were found to require more LA when exposed to lower temperature, higher salinity or nitrogen starvation (Gostinčar et al 2009 ; Lu et al 2009 ; Iskandarov et al 2010 ; Chodok et al 2013 ; Kaye et al 2015 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Evolutionary Perspective on Linoleic Acid Synthesis in Animals

2017

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The diet of organisms generally provides a sufficient supply of energy and building materials for healthy growth and development, but should also contain essential nutrients. Species differ in their exogenous requirements, but it is not clear why some species are able to synthesize essential nutrients, while others are not. The unsaturated fatty acid, linoleic acid (LA; 18:2n-6) plays an important role in functions such as cell physiology, immunity, and reproduction, and is an essential nutrient in diverse organisms. LA is readily synthesized in bacteria, protozoa and plants, but it was long thought that all animals lacked the ability to synthesize LA de novo and thus required a dietary source of this fatty acid. Over the years, however, an increasing number of studies have shown active LA synthesis in animals, including insects, nematodes and pulmonates. Despite continued interest in LA metabolism, it has remained unclear why some organisms can synthesize LA while others cannot. Here, we review the mechanisms by which LA is synthesized and which biological functions LA supports in different organisms to answer the question why LA synthesis was lost and repeatedly gained during the evolution of distinct invertebrate groups. We propose several hypotheses and compile data from the available literature to identify which factors promote LA synthesis within a phylogenetic framework. We have not found a clear link between our proposed hypotheses and LA synthesis; therefore we suggest that LA synthesis may be facilitated through bifunctionality of desaturase enzymes or evolved through a combination of different selective pressures.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s11692-017-9436-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Identification and functional characterization of two Δ12-fatty acid desaturases associated with essential linoleic acid biosynthesis inPhyscomitrella patens

Cited by 18 publications

References 51 publications

Metabolic engineering toward enhanced LC-PUFA biosynthesis in Nannochloropsis oceanica : Overexpression of endogenous Δ12 desaturase driven by stress-inducible promoter leads to enhanced deposition of polyunsaturated fatty acids in TAG

Metabolic engineering toward enhanced LC-PUFA biosynthesis in Nannochloropsis oceanica : Overexpression of endogenous Δ12 desaturase driven by stress-inducible promoter leads to enhanced deposition of polyunsaturated fatty acids in TAG

Cloning and Functional Analysis of the FAD2 Gene Family from Desert Shrub Artemisia sphaerocephala

An Evolutionary Perspective on Linoleic Acid Synthesis in Animals

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