Abstract:In a comparative study, we investigated the effects of maximal eccentric or concentric resistance training combined with whey protein or placebo on muscle and tendon hypertrophy. 22 subjects were allocated into either a high-leucine whey protein hydrolysate + carbohydrate group (WHD) or a carbohydrate group (PLA). Subjects completed 12 weeks maximal knee extensor training with one leg using eccentric contractions and the other using concentric contractions. Before and after training cross-sectional area (CSA) … Show more
“…Further, nutritional interventions, such as consuming a whey protein supplement, have the potential to increase tendon hypertrophy that results from strength training (Fig. 2) [15]. This means that sinews are dynamic tissues.…”
Section: Modeling Sinew Physiology In Vitromentioning
confidence: 99%
“…*Significantly different than pre-training ( p < 0.05); † significantly different from pre-training ( p < 0.001). Data are means ± standard error of the meanAdapted from Farup et al [15]Fig. 3Slow turnover of collagen within the central core of the Achilles tendon.…”
Section: Modeling Sinew Physiology In Vitromentioning
confidence: 99%
“…3, exercise has a positive effect. While most of the benefit of exercise is the result of the direct effect of loading [15, 25], exercise is known to have a global positive effect on collagenous tissues [38]. To test whether the hormonal changes that result from strength training are beneficial for sinew function, our team drew blood from 12 healthy young male individuals before and after resistance exercise [39].…”
Section: Hormonal Effects On Sinew Functionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…One article has shown that whey protein can improve tendon hypertrophy in response to strength training [15]. However, whether this was the result of a direct effect on the tendon or an indirect effect related to greater muscle hypertrophy and strength gains is still unclear.…”
Section: Nutritional Interventions To Improve Soft-tissue Functionmentioning
Musculoskeletal injuries account for more than 70% of time away from sports. One of the reasons for the high number of injuries and long return to play is that we have only a very basic understanding of how our training alters tendon and ligament (sinew) structure and function. Sinews are highly dense tissues that are difficult to characterize both in vivo and in vitro. Recently, engineered ligaments have been developed in vitro using cells from human anterior cruciate ligaments or hamstring tendons. These three-dimensional tissues can be grown in a laboratory, treated with agents thought to affect sinew physiology, and then mechanically tested to determine their function. Using these tissues, we have learned that sinews, like bone, quickly become refractory to an exercise stimulus, suggesting that short (<10 min) periods of activity with relatively long (6 h) periods of rest are best to train these tissues. The engineered sinews have also shown how estrogen decreases sinew function and that a factor released following intense exercise increases sinew collagen synthesis and function. Last, engineered sinews are being used to screen possible nutritional interventions that may benefit tendon or ligament function. Using the data derived from these tissue-engineered sinews, new nutritional and training regimes are being designed and tested with the goal of minimizing injury and accelerating return to play.
“…Further, nutritional interventions, such as consuming a whey protein supplement, have the potential to increase tendon hypertrophy that results from strength training (Fig. 2) [15]. This means that sinews are dynamic tissues.…”
Section: Modeling Sinew Physiology In Vitromentioning
confidence: 99%
“…*Significantly different than pre-training ( p < 0.05); † significantly different from pre-training ( p < 0.001). Data are means ± standard error of the meanAdapted from Farup et al [15]Fig. 3Slow turnover of collagen within the central core of the Achilles tendon.…”
Section: Modeling Sinew Physiology In Vitromentioning
confidence: 99%
“…3, exercise has a positive effect. While most of the benefit of exercise is the result of the direct effect of loading [15, 25], exercise is known to have a global positive effect on collagenous tissues [38]. To test whether the hormonal changes that result from strength training are beneficial for sinew function, our team drew blood from 12 healthy young male individuals before and after resistance exercise [39].…”
Section: Hormonal Effects On Sinew Functionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…One article has shown that whey protein can improve tendon hypertrophy in response to strength training [15]. However, whether this was the result of a direct effect on the tendon or an indirect effect related to greater muscle hypertrophy and strength gains is still unclear.…”
Section: Nutritional Interventions To Improve Soft-tissue Functionmentioning
Musculoskeletal injuries account for more than 70% of time away from sports. One of the reasons for the high number of injuries and long return to play is that we have only a very basic understanding of how our training alters tendon and ligament (sinew) structure and function. Sinews are highly dense tissues that are difficult to characterize both in vivo and in vitro. Recently, engineered ligaments have been developed in vitro using cells from human anterior cruciate ligaments or hamstring tendons. These three-dimensional tissues can be grown in a laboratory, treated with agents thought to affect sinew physiology, and then mechanically tested to determine their function. Using these tissues, we have learned that sinews, like bone, quickly become refractory to an exercise stimulus, suggesting that short (<10 min) periods of activity with relatively long (6 h) periods of rest are best to train these tissues. The engineered sinews have also shown how estrogen decreases sinew function and that a factor released following intense exercise increases sinew collagen synthesis and function. Last, engineered sinews are being used to screen possible nutritional interventions that may benefit tendon or ligament function. Using the data derived from these tissue-engineered sinews, new nutritional and training regimes are being designed and tested with the goal of minimizing injury and accelerating return to play.
“…Son muchas las investigaciones que han estudiado los posibles efectos asociados a los suplementos de proteína y/o BCAAs en torno a la ganancia de masa muscular [16][17][18][19] , fuerza 20,21 , composición corporal de los sujetos [20][21][22] , atenuación de la fatiga 23,24 , reducción del dolor y daño muscular [25][26][27] y el efecto de la respuesta anabólica mediante la activación de una serie de enzimas que permiten el aumento de la síntesis de proteí-nas [28][29][30][31][32] .…”
Introducción: Los suplementos de proteína y aminoácidos de cadena ramificada (BCAAs) son consumidos por la población buscando una serie de efectos fisiológicos y metabólicos sobre el rendimiento y recuperación, entre otros. Objetivo: Revisar las publicaciones más recientes que estudien los efectos del consumo de suplementos de proteína y BCAAs en entrenamiento de fuerza en diferentes parámetros fisiológicos y metabólicos.
Material y Métodos:Estudio descriptivo de revisión bibliográfica. Se realizó una búsqueda específica de palabras clave en la base de datos PubMed y estrategia de bola de nieve. Criterios de inclusión: estudios realizados en humanos de ≥18 años sin patología, metaanálisis, revisiones sistemáticas y ensayos clínicos controlados aleatorizados en inglés y español relacionados con el consumo de suplementos de proteína y/o BCAAs en entrenamiento de fuerza y sus efectos sobre el daño muscular, respuesta anabólica en la recuperación muscular, ganancia de masa muscular y fuerza, composición corporal y fatiga.Resultados: 64 estudios identificados mediante la ecuación de búsqueda, 20 cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión. La media aritmética de los sujetos participantes fue igual a (30,59±24,47).
Conclusiones:Los suplementos de proteína podrían tener un efecto positivo en el aumento del rendimiento y la masa muscular, pero hacen falta más estudios para esclarecer su posible beneficio sobre la composición corporal, la fatiga, la atenuación y reducción del dolor y daño muscular. La leucina tiene efecto en el aumento de la masa muscular y su función en población de edad avanzada. Los BCAAs podrían actuar sobre la atenuación de la fatiga central y en la mejora del rendimiento.
PALABRAS CLAVE
Introduction:The protein supplements and branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) are consumed by all kinds of people to obtain a number of physiological and metabolic effects reversing improvements in performance and fast recovery among others. Objective: To perform an exhaustive review of the most recent scientific publications where it has studied the effects of consuming protein supplements and BCAAs in resistance training in different physiological and metabolic parameters.
Material and Methods:Descriptive literature review. A specific keyword search was conducted in the PubMed database and snowball strategy. Inclusion criteria: studies in humans of ≥18 without pathology, meta-analysis, systematic reviews and randomized controlled trials in English and Spanish related to the consumption of protein supplements and/or BCAAs in resistance training and its effects on muscle damage, anabolic response in muscle recovery, gain muscle mass and strength, body composition and fatigue.Results: Out of the 64 studies identified by the search equation, 20 met the inclusion criteria. The arithmetic mean of the participating subjects is equal to (30.59±24.47).
Conclusions:Protein supplements may have a positive effect on increasing muscle mass and performance, but further studies are needed to clarify their potential benefit on body ...
We performed a systematic review, meta‐analysis, and meta‐regression to determine if increasing daily protein ingestion contributes to gaining lean body mass (LBM), muscle strength, and physical/functional test performance in healthy subjects. A protocol for the present study was registered (PROSPERO, CRD42020159001), and a systematic search of Medline, Embase, CINAHL, and Web of Sciences databases was undertaken. Only randomized controlled trials (RCT) where participants increased their daily protein intake and were healthy and non‐obese adults were included. Research questions focused on the main effects on the outcomes of interest and subgroup analysis, splitting the studies by participation in a resistance exercise (RE), age (<65 or ≥65 years old), and levels of daily protein ingestion. Three‐level random‐effects meta‐analyses and meta‐regressions were conducted on data from 74 RCT. Most of the selected studies tested the effects of additional protein ingestion during RE training. The evidence suggests that increasing daily protein ingestion may enhance gains in LBM in studies enrolling subjects in RE (SMD [standardized mean difference] = 0.22, 95% CI [95% confidence interval] 0.14:0.30, P < 0.01, 62 studies, moderate level of evidence). The effect on LBM was significant in subjects ≥65 years old ingesting 1.2–1.59 g of protein/kg/day and for younger subjects (<65 years old) ingesting ≥1.6 g of protein/kg/day submitted to RE. Lower‐body strength gain was slightly higher by additional protein ingestion at ≥1.6 g of protein/kg/day during RE training (SMD = 0.40, 95% CI 0.09:0.35, P < 0.01, 19 studies, low level of evidence). Bench press strength is slightly increased by ingesting more protein in <65 years old subjects during RE training (SMD = 0.18, 95% CI 0.03:0.33, P = 0.01, 32 studies, low level of evidence). The effects of ingesting more protein are unclear when assessing handgrip strength and only marginal for performance in physical function tests. In conclusion, increasing daily protein ingestion results in small additional gains in LBM and lower body muscle strength gains in healthy adults enrolled in resistance exercise training. There is a slight effect on bench press strength and minimal effect performance in physical function tests. The effect on handgrip strength is unclear.
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