Prospective Study of Influenza C in Hospitalized Children

Calvo, Cristina; García-García, Maria Luz; Borrell, Belén; Pozo, Francisco; Casas, Inmaculada

doi:10.1097/inf.0b013e31828fca10

Cited by 21 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…In etiologic studies of respiratory illnesses that have included influenza C testing, it usually accounts for a low proportion of acute respiratory pathogens identified. For example, a Canadian study found 2.32% of respiratory samples tested from children identified influenza C, while a study in Japan spanning 18 years (1996–2013) found influenza C in 0.43%–1.73% of samples from children; this result was similar to a Spanish study that reported influenza C in 0.7% of children's samples . Low rates were reported in a retrospective study Scottish study that screened 3300 respiratory samples collected from children and adults during the period from August 2006 to June 2008 with only six positive influenza C‐positive samples (0.2%) identified (with 4/6 from children ≤2 year) compared to 3.2% influenza A detections and 0.9% influenza B detections .…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 52%

Influenza C infections in Western Australia and Victoria from 2008 to 2014

Jelley

Levy

Deng

et al. 2016

Influenza Resp Viruses

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BackgroundInfluenza C is usually considered a minor cause of respiratory illness in humans with many infections being asymptomatic or clinically mild. Large outbreaks can occur periodically resulting in significant morbidity.ObjectivesThis study aimed at analyzing the available influenza C clinical samples from two widely separated states of Australia, collected over a 7‐year period and to compare them with influenza C viruses detected in other parts of the world in recent years.Patients/MethodsBetween 2008 and 2014, 86 respiratory samples that were influenza C positive were collected from subjects with influenza‐like illness living in the states of Victoria and Western Australia. A battery of other respiratory viruses were also tested for in these influenza C‐positive samples. Virus isolation was attempted on all of these clinical samples, and gene sequencing was performed on all influenza C‐positive cultures.Results and conclusionsDetections of influenza C in respiratory samples were sporadic in most years studied, but higher rates of infection occurred in 2012 and 2014. Many of the patients with influenza C had coinfections with other respiratory pathogens. Phylogenetic analysis of the full‐length hemagglutinin–esterase–fusion (HE) gene found that most of the viruses grouped in the C/Sao Paulo/378/82 clade with the remainder grouping in the C/Kanagawa/1/76 clade.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 52%

Influenza C infections in Western Australia and Victoria from 2008 to 2014

Jelley

Levy

Deng

et al. 2016

Influenza Resp Viruses

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“…A rare selective bottleneck for the influenza C virus suggests unique characteristics of the virus and its infections. Seroprevalence and incidence of the influenza C virus do not seem as high as those of the influenza A virus [5,63,64,65,66]. Further studies are necessary to understand the epidemiological and immunological aspects of influenza C viruses, such as whether multiple exposures throughout life are common, whether immunity against the virus can prevent reinfection, how long the immunity lasts, and whether the infection can induce strain non-specific immunity to constrain genetic diversity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analyses of Evolutionary Characteristics of the Hemagglutinin-Esterase Gene of Influenza C Virus during a Period of 68 Years Reveals Evolutionary Patterns Different from Influenza A and B Viruses

Furuse

Matsuzaki

Nishimura

et al. 2016

Viruses

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Infections with the influenza C virus causing respiratory symptoms are common, particularly among children. Since isolation and detection of the virus are rarely performed, compared with influenza A and B viruses, the small number of available sequences of the virus makes it difficult to analyze its evolutionary dynamics. Recently, we reported the full genome sequence of 102 strains of the virus. Here, we exploited the data to elucidate the evolutionary characteristics and phylodynamics of the virus compared with influenza A and B viruses. Along with our data, we obtained public sequence data of the hemagglutinin-esterase gene of the virus; the dataset consists of 218 unique sequences of the virus collected from 14 countries between 1947 and 2014. Informatics analyses revealed that (1) multiple lineages have been circulating globally; (2) there have been weak and infrequent selective bottlenecks; (3) the evolutionary rate is low because of weak positive selection and a low capability to induce mutations; and (4) there is no significant positive selection although a few mutations affecting its antigenicity have been induced. The unique evolutionary dynamics of the influenza C virus must be shaped by multiple factors, including virological, immunological, and epidemiological characteristics.

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“…Influenza C virus usually causes a mild upper respiratory tract illness in children but can also cause lower respiratory tract illness, such as bronchitis and pneumonia, particularly in children Ͻ2 years old (3)(4)(5)(6)(7). Despite the ubiquitous distribution of influenza C virus, which is demonstrated by its high rate of seroprevalence (8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16), the virus has been isolated by cell culture only occasionally, and there are only four strains for which complete genome sequences are registered in GenBank at present: C/Ann Arbor/1/50, C/Johannesburg/1/66, C/Eastern India/1202/2011, and C/Victoria/2/2012.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic Lineage and Reassortment of Influenza C Viruses Circulating between 1947 and 2014

Matsuzaki

Sugawara

Furuse

et al. 2016

J Virol

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Since influenza C virus was first isolated in 1947, the virus has been only occasionally isolated by cell culture; there are only four strains for which complete genome sequences are registered. Here, we analyzed a total of 106 complete genomes, ranging from the first isolate from 1947 to recent isolates from 2014, to determine the genetic lineages of influenza C virus, the reassortment events, and the rates of nucleotide substitution. The results showed that there are six lineages, named C/Taylor, C/Mississippi, C/Aichi, C/Yamagata, C/Kanagawa, and C/Sao Paulo. They contain both antigenic and genetic lineages of the hemagglutininesterase (HE) gene, and the internal genes PB2, PB1, P3, NP, M, and NS are divided into two major lineages, a C/Mississippi/80-related lineage and a C/Yamagata/81-related lineage. Reassortment events were found over the entire period of 68 years. Several outbreaks of influenza C virus between 1990 and 2014 in Japan consisted of reassortant viruses, suggesting that the genomic constellation is related to influenza C virus epidemics. The nucleotide sequences were highly homologous to each other. The minimum percent identity between viruses ranged from 91.1% for the HE gene to 96.1% for the M gene, and the rate of nucleotide substitution for the HE gene was the highest, at 5.20 ؋ 10 ؊4 substitutions/site/year. These results indicate that reassortment is an important factor that increases the genetic diversity of influenza C virus, resulting in its ability to prevail in humans. However, the antigenicity of the HE glycoprotein is highly stable, and antigenic drift has not occurred for at least 30 years. Here, we analyzed a total of 106 complete genomes spanning 68 years for the first time, and we found that influenza C viruses are circulating worldwide while undergoing reassortment as well as selection by herd immunity, resulting in an increased ability to prevail in humans. The results presented in this study contribute to the understanding of the evolution, including reassortment events, underlying influenza C virus epidemics. IMPORTANCE Influenza C virus is a pathogen that causes acute respiratory illness in children and

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Prospective Study of Influenza C in Hospitalized Children

Cited by 21 publications

References 15 publications

Influenza C infections in Western Australia and Victoria from 2008 to 2014

Influenza C infections in Western Australia and Victoria from 2008 to 2014

Analyses of Evolutionary Characteristics of the Hemagglutinin-Esterase Gene of Influenza C Virus during a Period of 68 Years Reveals Evolutionary Patterns Different from Influenza A and B Viruses

Genetic Lineage and Reassortment of Influenza C Viruses Circulating between 1947 and 2014

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