Breastfeeding, introduction of other foods and effects on health: a systematic literature review for the 5th Nordic Nutrition Recommendations

Hörnell, Agneta; Lagström, Hanna; Lande, Britt; Þórsdóttir, Inga

doi:10.3402/fnr.v57i0.20823

Cited by 132 publications

(159 citation statements)

References 79 publications

(168 reference statements)

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“…In fact, the longer a child remains an only child, the stronger the association with overweight. As previously reported by our group, among older singletons the association with overweight (OR 1·70, 95 % CI 1·44, 2·01) was greater than for younger singletons (OR 1·32, 95 % CI 1·10, 1·60) (32) . The potential behavioural mediators examined (playtime outdoors, screen time/d, propensity to consume sugar or fat, parental attitudes towards food rewards and television in the child's bedroom) did not attenuate the relationship between only children and overweight with associated OR ranging from 1·51 to 1·58 when each mediator was explored individually and in combination.…”

Section: Family Structure and Overweightsupporting

confidence: 86%

Early feeding practices and family structure: associations with overweight in children

Hunsberger

2013

Proc. Nutr. Soc.

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The aim of this review is to examine two factors that may be associated with development of childhood overweight: early feeding, namely exclusive breastfeeding practices; family structure. Findings from the Identification and prevention of Dietary- and lifestyle-induced health EFfects In Children and infantS (IDEFICS) study are presented in the context of the literature. IDEFICS is a multi-centre European study exploring the risks for overweight and obesity in children, which recruited 16 224 children aged 2–9 years from September 2007 to June 2008 at survey centres in Italy, Estonia, Cyprus, Belgium, Sweden, Hungary, Germany and Spain. Among the IDEFICS sample, after controlling for confounders, exclusive breastfeeding for 4–6 months was protective of overweight (including obesity) when compared with children never exclusively breastfed (OR 0·73, 95 % CI 0·63, 0·85). Family structure and number of siblings may also be associated with overweight. IDEFICS children without siblings were more likely (OR 1·52, 95 % CI 1·34, 1·72) to be overweight than their peers with siblings when controlling for factors related to childhood overweight such as country, parental education, parental weight, maternal age, child's age, birth weight and gender. Both early feeding practices and family structure play a role in the future development of obesity. The impact of breastfeeding on future development of overweight is dependent upon the dose. Exclusive breastfeeding for the recommended 6 months appears to be protective of overweight. Family structure is also an important component and emerging research suggests only children are at increased risk for overweight in comparison with those with siblings. In European countries, approximately 22 million children are overweight. Early dietary exposures, genetic, environmental and social factors have all been proposed as potential causal factors. Two such factors include exclusive breastfeeding and the impact of being an only child. We have investigated these two factors for associations with overweight; our studies, in the context of previous findings, are the focus of this review.

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Section: Family Structure and Overweightsupporting

confidence: 86%

Early feeding practices and family structure: associations with overweight in children

Hunsberger

2013

Proc. Nutr. Soc.

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“…Comparative studies in affluent countries have indicated important health advantages of breast-feeding over formula-feeding for the recipient infants, such as lower incidence of gastrointestinal and respiratory tract infections (Ip et al, 2007;Agostoni et al, 2009;Hörnell et al, 2013b) and of otitis media (Hörnell et al, 2013b) and a lower risk of overweight and obesity (von Kries et al, 1999;Toschke et al, 2002;Owen et al, 2005;Hörnell et al, 2013b).…”

Section: Terms Of Reference As Provided By the European Commissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific Opinion on the essential composition of infant and follow-on formulae

Products¹

2014

EFSA Journal

272

124

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Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the essential composition of infant and follow-on formula. This opinion reviews the opinion provided by the Scientific Committee on Food in 2003 on the essential requirements of infant and follow-on formulae in light of more recent evidence and by considering the Panel's opinion of October 2013 on nutrient requirements and dietary intakes of infants and young children in the European Union. The minimum content of a nutrient in formula proposed in this opinion is derived from the intake levels the Panel had considered adequate for the majority of infants in the first six months of life in its previous opinion and an average amount of formula consumed during this period. From a nutritional point of view, the minimum contents of nutrients in infant and follow-on formula proposed by the Panel cover the nutritional needs of virtually all healthy infants born at term and there is no need to exceed these amounts in formulae, as nutrients which are not used or stored have to be excreted and this may put a burden on the infant's metabolism. Therefore, the Panel emphasises that maximum amounts should be interpreted not as target values but rather as upper limits of a range which should not be exceeded. There is scientific consensus that breast milk is the preferred food for all healthy infants and provides an adequate supply of all nutrients to support growth and development (with the exception of vitamin K during the first weeks of life and of vitamin D). Whereas the composition of infant formula remains stable over time, breast milk composition changes continuously and therefore infant formula cannot imitate breast milk. © EuropeanAll formulae intended for infants must be safe and suitable to meet the nutritional requirements and promote growth and development of infants born at term when used as a sole source of nutrition during the first months of life, and when used as the principal liquid element in a progressively diversified diet after the introduction of appropriate complementary feeding. Nutrients and substances should be added to formulae for infants only in amounts that serve a nutritional or other benefit. The addition in amounts higher than those serving a benefit or the inclusion of unnecessary substances in formulae may put a burden on the infant's metabolism and/or on other physiological functions, as substances which are not used or stored have to be excreted.The minimum content of a nutrient in formula proposed in this opinion is derived from the intake levels the Panel had considered adequate for the majority of infants in the first half of the first year of life in its previous opinion and an average amount of daily energy intake from formula during this period (500 kcal/day). These minimum amounts should be understood as target values which cover the nutritional needs of virtually all infants born at term for optimal growth and devel...

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“…Breast-feeding also aims to build the emotional and biological relationship between mother and the baby [1][2][3][4][5][6][7]. Young mothers having little experiences are commonly confused about the duration and initiation in breast-feeding.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hypnotherapy is more effective than acupressure in the production of prolactin hormone and breast milk among women having given birth with caesarean section

Anuhgera¹,

Kuncoro²,

Sumarni³

et al. 2017

Med-Science

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This research aimed to analyze the effectiveness of hypnotherapy compared with acupressure toward the prolactin hormone level and the production of breast milk among women giving birth by caesarean section. The research groups were divided into two groups, namely hypnotherapy-receiving women group and acupressure-receiving women group. The hypnotherapy was done in accordance with the standard and guided by the hypnotherapist. The acupressure was done in the meridian of stomach and small intestine, meridian of kidney, and spleen. There was a significant increase in the prolactin hormone level and production of breast milk before and after the therapy (p < 0.05) for both treatment groups. In the production of prolactin hormone and breast milk, hypnotherapy technique was significantly more effective than acupressure (p < 0.05). It can be concluded that the hypnotherapy is more effective than acupressure in stimulating the production of prolactin hormone and production of breast milk among women giving birth with caesarean section. Thus, hypnotherapy can be the alternative in support of the successful exclusive breast milk feeding.

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Breastfeeding, introduction of other foods and effects on health: a systematic literature review for the 5th Nordic Nutrition Recommendations

Cited by 132 publications

References 79 publications

Early feeding practices and family structure: associations with overweight in children

Early feeding practices and family structure: associations with overweight in children

Scientific Opinion on the essential composition of infant and follow-on formulae

Hypnotherapy is more effective than acupressure in the production of prolactin hormone and breast milk among women having given birth with caesarean section

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