Physicochemical Interpretation of Acid‐Base Abnormalities in 54 Adult Horses with Acute Severe Colitis and Diarrhea

Self Cite

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 82%

Contribution of Unmeasured Anions to Acid–Base Disorders and its Association with Altered Demeanor in 264 Calves with Neonatal Diarrhea

Gómez

Löfstedt

Stämpfli

et al. 2013

Self Cite

“…showed a strong correlation between SIG and plasma [ l ‐lac − ] in healthy horses. Similarly, a previous study of horses with diarrhea showed that SIG and AG had a very good sensitivity and specificity to predict important hyper‐ l ‐hyperlactatemia ( l ‐lac − > 5 mmol/L) in horses with acute diarrhea 29. In this study, the AUC ROC analysis revealed that when the threshold of plasma [ l ‐lac − ] was 7 mmol/L, the sensitivity and the specificity of SIG to predict hyper‐ l ‐lactatemia were excellent.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 64%

“…Alternatively, SIG has shown an excellent correlation with [ l ‐lac − ] in healthy horses under exercise conditions,28 and horses with acute diarrhea 29. But, the sensitivity and specificity of AG and SIG to predict [ l ‐lac − ] in hospitalized foals is currently unknown.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Physicochemical Approach to Determine the Mechanism for Acid–Base Disorders in 793 Hospitalized Foals

Gómez

Biermann

Sanchez

2015

Self Cite

BackgroundThe quantitative effect of strong electrolytes, unmeasured strong anions (UAs), pCO 2, and plasma protein concentrations in determining plasma pH can be demonstrated using the physicochemical approach. Plasma anion gap (AG) and strong ion gap (SIG) are used to assess UAs in different species.HypothesesStrong ions are a major factor influencing changes in plasma pH of hospitalized foals. AG and SIG accurately predict severe hyper‐l‐lactatemia ([l‐lac−] > 7 mmol/L).AnimalsSeven hundred and ninety three hospitalized foals < 7 days old.MethodsRetrospective study. The relationship between measured pH and physicochemical variables, and the relationship between plasma [l‐lac−] and AG and SIG, were determined using regression analyses. Optimal AG and SIG cut points to predict hyper‐l‐lactatemia were identified using an ROC curve analysis.ResultsCombined, the measured strong ion difference and SIG accounted for 54–69% of the changes in the measured arterial pH of hospitalized foals. AG and SIG were significantly associated with plasma [l‐lac−] (P < .0001). The receiver operator characteristics (ROC) AUC of AG and SIG for prediction of severe hyper‐l‐lactatemia were 0.89 (95%CI, 0.8–0.95; P < .0001) and 0.90 (95%CI, 0.81–0.96; P < .0001), respectively. Severe hyper‐l‐lactatemia was best predicted by AG > 27 mmol/L (sensitivity 80%, 95%CI, 56–94, specificity 85%, 95%CI, 73–93; P < .0001) and SIG <−15 mmol/L (sensitivity 90%, 95%CI, 68–98; specificity 80%; 95%CI, 68–90; P < .0001).Conclusion and clinical relevanceAltered concentrations of strong ions (Na+, K+, Cl−) and UAs were the primary cause of acidemia of hospitalized foals. AG and SIG were good predictors of hyper‐l‐lactatemia and could be used as surrogate tests.

“…Based on the measured and calculated parameters, acid‐base imbalances were categorized using both the traditional and the quantitative strong ion approach according to the specifications presented in Table . The reference ranges used for the acid‐base parameters are reported in Table 3 . Device‐specific reference ranges were provided for Na + , Cl − , and K + concentrations.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Traditional and quantitative analysis of acid‐base and electrolyte imbalances in horses competing in cross‐country competitions at 2‐star to 5‐star level

Kirsch

Sandersen

2020

Background Early recognition and management of acid‐base, fluid, and electrolyte disorders are crucial for the maintenance of health and performance in equine athletes. Objectives To analyze changes in acid‐base and electrolyte status associated with exercise during cross‐country competitions at different levels using traditional and quantitative approaches. Animals Thirty‐eight eventing horses. Methods Prospective observational study. Jugular venous blood samples were collected before and after the cross‐country test of 25 international eventing competitions ranging from 2‐star (formerly 1‐star) to 5‐star (formerly 4‐star) level. Blood gas analysis was performed to determine pH, pCO2, Na+, Cl−, and K+ and calculate HCO3−, tCO2 base excess (BEECF), anion gap (AG), strong ion difference calculated from Na+, K+, Cl−, and lactate− (SID4), strong ion difference calculated from Na+, K+, and Cl− (SID3), strong ion gap (SIG), and total nonvolatile weak buffer concentration (Atot). Postexercise acid‐base imbalances, diagnosed on the basis of the traditional approach, and the simplified strong ion model were compared. Results Significant decreases in pH, Cl−, SID4, pCO2, HCO3−, tCO2, and BEECF as well as increases in K+, SID3, AG, TP, and Atot were observed between pre‐ and postexercise samples. The changes in acid‐base parameters were significantly affected by the competition level. Using the strong ion approach, a higher proportion of horses was diagnosed with postexercise metabolic acidosis. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Regarding the complex acid‐base changes in horses competing at cross‐country competitions, the quantitative approach provided a more detailed analysis of the different factors contributing to acid‐base balance than did the traditional approach.