Response to Comment on “Geochemical Implications of Gas Leakage associated with Geologic CO<sub>2</sub> Storage—A Qualitative Review”

Harvey, Omar R.; Qafoku, Nikolla P.; Cantrell, Kirk J.; Lee, Giehyeon; Amonette, James E.; Brown, Christopher F.

doi:10.1021/es401090n

Cited by 2 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 6 publications

(27 reference statements)

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“…The sources of previously used data are clearly given in each table as captions. (2) Concentrations (mg/L)…”

Section: Sampling and Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Average of CO (1) Data sources in parenthesis: "a" from Choi et al [27], "b" from Choi et al [26], and "c" from Choi et al [25]. (2) Calculated from measured alkalinity and pH data using PHREEQC [36]. (3) Alkalinity as HCO 3 − .…”

Section: Sampling and Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Carbon dioxide stored in geological carbon storage (GCS) sites can migrate upwards from a storage reservoir through various paths such as faults, fractures, small cracks in caprocks, and borehole annulus [1][2][3][4][5]. Even though GCS is a promising technology for substantially reducing CO 2 emissions [6,7], such migration of CO 2 gas and CO 2 -rich fluid into freshwater aquifers may lead to the degradation of potable groundwater by total dissolved solids and trace metals, and moreover the leakage itself means the failure of net CO 2 reduction [8][9][10][11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluation of Long-Term Impacts of CO2 Leakage on Groundwater Quality Using Hydrochemical Data from a Natural Analogue Site in South Korea

Kwon

Yun

et al. 2020

Water

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Three hydrochemical types of CO2-rich water (i.e., Na-HCO3, Ca-Na-HCO3 and Ca-HCO3) occur together in the silicate bedrock (granite and gneiss) of Gangwon Province in South Korea. As a natural analogue of geological carbon storage (GCS), this can provide implications for the environmental impacts of the leakage of CO2 from deep GCS sites. By using hydrochemical and isotopic datasets that were collected for previous and current studies, this study aimed to carefully scrutinize the hydrochemical differences in the three water types with an emphasis on providing a better understanding of the impacts of long-term CO2 leakage on groundwater quality (especially the enrichments of minor and trace metals). As a result, the Na-HCO3 type CO2-rich water contained higher Li, Rb and Cs than the Ca-HCO3 type, whereas Fe, Mn and Sr were higher in the Ca-HCO3 type than in the Na-HCO3 type despite the similar geological setting, which indicate that the hydrochemical differences were caused during different geochemical evolutionary processes. The δ18O and δD values and tritium concentrations indicated that the Na-HCO3 type was circulated through a deep and long pathway for a relatively long residence time in the subsurface, while the Ca-HCO3 type was strongly influenced by mixing with recently recharged water. These results were supported by the results of principal component analysis (PCA), whose second component showed that the Na-HCO3 type had a significant relation with alkali metals such as Li, Rb and Cs as well as Na and K and also had a strong relationship with Al, F and U, indicating an extensive water-rock interaction, while the Ca-HCO3 type was highly correlated with Ca, Mg, Sr, Fe and Mn, indicating mixing and reverse cation exchange during its ascent with hydrogeochemical evolution. In particular, the concentrations of Fe, Mn, U and Al in the CO2-rich water, the result of long-term water-rock interaction and cation exchange that was enhanced by CO2 leakage into silicate bedrock, exceeded drinking water standards. The study results show that the leakage of CO2 gas and CO2-rich fluid into aquifers and the subsequent hydrogeochemical processes can degrade groundwater quality by mobilizing trace elements in rocks and consequently may pose a health risk.

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“…The sources of previously used data are clearly given in each table as captions. (2) Concentrations (mg/L)…”

Section: Sampling and Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Sampling and Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluation of Long-Term Impacts of CO2 Leakage on Groundwater Quality Using Hydrochemical Data from a Natural Analogue Site in South Korea

Kwon

Yun

et al. 2020

Water

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“…However, these subsurface activities are not free of environmental and geological impacts (Gill and Malamud, 2017;Liu and Ramirez, 2017). For example, leakage of the stored substance may affect climate (Deng et al, 2017) or potable aquifers (Harvey et al, 2013;Qafoku et al, 2017), while stress changes within the earth have the potential to induce earthquakes (Ellsworth, 2013;Foulger et al, 2018;Suckale, 2010;Zoback and Gorelick, 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These risks are thoroughly analysed in studies on CO 2 injection, resulting in multiple risk assessments and numerous risk overviews (Anderson, 2017;Carroll et al, 2016;Condor et al, 2011;Damen et al, 2006;Deng et al, 2012;Harvey et al, 2013;Ko et al, 2016;Koornneef et al, 2012;Pawar et al, 2015;Qafoku et al, 2017;Shukla et al, 2010). However, similar overviews are not available for other fluids commonly injected, such as nitrogen, methane or wastewater.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Facilitating sustainable geo-resources exploitation: A review of environmental and geological risks of fluid injection into hydrocarbon reservoirs

Schimmel

Liu

Worrell

2019

Earth-Science Reviews

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Response to Comment on “Geochemical Implications of Gas Leakage associated with Geologic CO₂ Storage—A Qualitative Review”

Cited by 2 publications

References 6 publications

Evaluation of Long-Term Impacts of CO2 Leakage on Groundwater Quality Using Hydrochemical Data from a Natural Analogue Site in South Korea

Evaluation of Long-Term Impacts of CO2 Leakage on Groundwater Quality Using Hydrochemical Data from a Natural Analogue Site in South Korea

Facilitating sustainable geo-resources exploitation: A review of environmental and geological risks of fluid injection into hydrocarbon reservoirs

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Response to Comment on “Geochemical Implications of Gas Leakage associated with Geologic CO2 Storage—A Qualitative Review”

Cited by 2 publications

References 6 publications

Evaluation of Long-Term Impacts of CO2 Leakage on Groundwater Quality Using Hydrochemical Data from a Natural Analogue Site in South Korea

Evaluation of Long-Term Impacts of CO2 Leakage on Groundwater Quality Using Hydrochemical Data from a Natural Analogue Site in South Korea

Facilitating sustainable geo-resources exploitation: A review of environmental and geological risks of fluid injection into hydrocarbon reservoirs

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Response to Comment on “Geochemical Implications of Gas Leakage associated with Geologic CO₂ Storage—A Qualitative Review”