Therapeutic Nanoparticles in Clinics and Under Clinical Evaluation

Abstract

This article reviews nanoparticulate-chemotherapeutic systems that have been developed for human therapy, considering the components of the nanoparticles, the therapeutic agents associated with the nanoparticles and the clinical indications these therapeutic nanoparticles have been developed for. In this evaluation we have put into perspective the types of nanomaterials and their therapeutic indications. We have reviewed the nanoparticulate-chemotherapeutic systems that have been published, approved and marketed and that are currently in clinical use. We have also analyzed the nanoparticulate-chemotherapeutic systems that are in clinical trials and under preclinical development.

Advanced targeted therapies in cancer: Drug nanocarriers, the future of chemotherapy

“…In addition, new promising lines of research are being followed to achieve active targeting by polymer-drug conjugates that inhibit specific kinases [186][187][188][189], activate apoptosis [190][191][192] or decrease angiogenesis [183][184][185][193][194][195][196], being all these lines of research in preclinical status, except for a polyacetal-fumagillin (antiangiogenic) conjugate (XMT-1107) which is under a phase I trial [18,197].…”

“…Pegylated liposomes with irinotecan Phase I Recurrent high-grade gliomas [18,197] Recently, new strategies in liposomal research have gained interest, and some clinical trials based on the combination of different chemotherapeutic agents, and stimuli-responsive release approaches, have been started [267,268] This is the case of the phase I/II/III trials with liposomes containing cytarabine and daunorubicin (CPX-351) in the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia [18,[269][270][271], the phase II trials of liposomes containing irinotecan·HCl and floxuridine (CPX-1) as a therapy for advanced colorectal cancer [18,218,272], and the thermosensitive liposomes containing doxorubicin (ThermoDox) in phase III for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma [18], and in phase I/II to recurrent chest wall breast cancer, locally recurrent breast cancer, primary and metastatic tumors of the liver, and metastatic colorectal cancer [18,273,274].…”

“…Genexol-PM (paclitaxel encapsulated in monomethoxy-poly(ethylene glycol)- docetaxel (Nanoxel-PM) [357], the phase I trial of NC 4016, a PEG-poly(glutamic acid) polymeric micelle of oxaliplatin [18,197], the polymeric micelles composed of PEG and PAA that incorporate doxorubicin (NK911) (phase I/II trials) [358] or paclitaxel (NK105) (phase II/III trials) [18,359,360], the phase I/II trials of the pegylated polymeric micelles NC-6004…”

“…In fact, currently there is only one polymeric nanoparticle available in the market, Abraxane (ABI-007), an albumin-bound paclitaxel nanoparticle that was approved by the FDA [18,197,420,421] 3 First nanoparticle to enter in clinical trials. 4 PSMA: prostate-specific membrane antigen.…”

Human inhalation exposure to iron oxide particles

“…Of these, pharmaceutical formulations of Ag, Au, and Fe nanoparticles plus dendrimers have undergone human clinical trials for intravenous (IV) administration [7].…”