“…VACV infection causes lesions on the teats and udders of dairy cattle, leading to a decrease in milk production. VACV is the cause of a zoonotic disease known as bovine vaccinia (BV) and can be transmitted to humans by direct contact with infected animals during milking, resulting in lesions on the hands and arms ( Damaso et al 2000 , Trindade et al 2003 , 2007 , 2009 , Leite et al 2005 , Lobato et al 2005 , Megid et al 2008 , Silva-Fernandes et al 2009 , Abrahão et al 2010a , Schatzmayr et al 2011 , de Assis et al 2013 , de Sant’Ana et al 2013 ). The lesions evolve from macules to papules to vesicles to pustules, which ulcerate and result in scar formation.…”