Novel Polyomaviral Infection in the Placenta of a Northern Fur Seal (Callorhinus ursinus) on the Pribilof Islands, Alaska, USA

Duncan, Colleen; Goldstein, Tracey; Hearne, C.E.; Gelatt, Tom; Spraker, Terry R.

doi:10.7589/2012-04-101

Cited by 10 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 15 publications

(17 reference statements)

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“…Polyomavirus sequences have been identified in three other pinniped species: once in a captive Hawaiian monk seal (Neomonachus schauinslandi) (Cortes-Hinojosa et al, 2016), in the placenta of one northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus) (Duncan et al, 2013) from Alaska and a stranded free-ranging California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) (Colegrove et al, 2010). However, until recently the genome of California sea lion polyomavirus (CSLPyV) was the only confirmed pinniped polyomavirus.…”

Section: Polyomaviridaementioning

confidence: 99%

Viruses associated with Antarctic wildlife: From serology based detection to identification of genomes using high throughput sequencing

2018

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The Antarctic, sub-Antarctic islands and surrounding sea-ice provide a unique environment for the existence of organisms. Nonetheless, birds and seals of a variety of species inhabit them, particularly during their breeding seasons. Early research on Antarctic wildlife health, using serology-based assays, showed exposure to viruses in the families Birnaviridae, Flaviviridae, Herpesviridae, Orthomyxoviridae and Paramyxoviridae circulating in seals (Phocidae), penguins (Spheniscidae), petrels (Procellariidae) and skuas (Stercorariidae). It is only during the last decade or so that polymerase chain reaction-based assays have been used to characterize viruses associated with Antarctic animals. Furthermore, it is only during the last five years that full/whole genomes of viruses (adenoviruses, anelloviruses, orthomyxoviruses, a papillomavirus, paramyoviruses, polyomaviruses and a togavirus) have been sequenced using Sanger sequencing or high throughput sequencing (HTS) approaches. This review summaries the knowledge of animal Antarctic virology and discusses potential future directions with the advent of HTS in virus discovery and ecology.

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Section: Polyomaviridaementioning

confidence: 99%

Viruses associated with Antarctic wildlife: From serology based detection to identification of genomes using high throughput sequencing

2018

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“…Investigation into potential causes for this decline has led to the identification of multiple previously unreported infectious agents in NFS placentas, including Coxiella burnetii 9 and a novel polyomavirus. 8 Although these pathogens were identified in detached placentas with no information regarding the survival of the associated pup, there is evidence that placental infection with Coxiella can induce a functional change in the NFS placenta, 28 which could have an impact on the development and survival of offspring. Given that the greatest historical loss of individual NFS, other than commercial harvest, is during the first year of life 24 and that pup birth weight is correlated with survival, 4 there is concern that subtle developmental impairments leading to poor recruitment may be associated with the declining population trend.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Brucella placentitis and seroprevalence in northern fur seals (Callorhinus ursinus) of the Pribilof Islands, Alaska

et al. 2014

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Brucella species infect a wide range of hosts with a broad spectrum of clinical manifestations. In mammals, one of the most significant consequences of Brucella infection is reproductive failure. There is evidence of Brucella exposure in many species of marine mammals, but the outcome of infection is often challenging to determine. The eastern Pacific stock of northern fur seals (NFSs, Callorhinus ursinus) has declined significantly, spawning research into potential causes for this trend, including investigation into reproductive health. The objective of the current study was to determine if NFSs on St. Paul Island, Alaska have evidence of Brucella exposure or infection. Archived DNA extracted from placentas (n = 119) and serum (n = 40) samples were available for testing by insertion sequence (IS) 711 polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the Brucella microagglutination test (BMAT), respectively. As well, placental tissue was available for histologic examination. Six (5%) placentas were positive by PCR, and a single animal had severe placentitis. Multilocus variable number tandem repeat analysis profiles were highly clustered and closely related to other Brucella pinnipedialis isolates. A single animal was positive on BMAT, and 12 animals had titers within the borderline range; 1 borderline animal was positive by PCR on serum. The findings suggest that NFSs on the Pribilof Islands are exposed to Brucella and that the organism has the ability to cause severe placental disease. Given the population trend of the NFS, and the zoonotic nature of this pathogen, further investigation into the epidemiology of this disease is recommended.

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“…43 A novel polyomavirus was detected in FFPE placental tissue of a northern fur seal in Alaska. 30 In a recent report, this VP1 gene-targeted PCR was used to detect a polyomavirus in FFPE kidney samples from Standardbred horses with nephritis reminiscent of BK polyomavirus nephropathy in humans. 49 The VP1 protein sequence of this virus was identical to that of the equine polyomavirus that was isolated from the eyes of horses by another group of investigators.…”

Section: Polyomavirusesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Beyond H&E

et al. 2013

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Veterinary pathology of infectious, particularly viral, and neoplastic diseases has advanced significantly with the advent of newer molecular methodologies that can detect nucleic acid of infectious agents within microscopic lesions, differentiate neoplastic from nonneoplastic cells, or determine the suitability of a targeted therapy by detecting specific mutations in certain cancers. Polymerase chain reaction-based amplification of DNA or RNA and in situ hybridization are currently the most commonly used methods for nucleic acid detection. In contrast, the main methodology used for protein detection within microscopic lesions is immunohistochemistry. Other methods that allow for analysis of nucleic acids within a particular cell type or individual cells, such as laser capture microdissection, are also available in some laboratories. This review gives an overview of the factors that influence the accurate analysis of nucleic acids in formalin-fixed tissues, as well as of different approaches to detect such targets. Keywords cancer, ISH, IHC, nucleic acid analysis, molecular pathology, PCR, virology Technical ConsiderationsTissue Handling, Fixation, and Embedding Fixation of tissues in 10% neutral buffered formalin, followed by paraffin embedding (FFPE), has long been the standard approach of tissue preparation for microscopic evaluation. The chemical principle of formalin fixation is based on the crosslinking of proteins. Formalin has been used extensively because it is inexpensive and excellently preserves morphological detail in histological sections. However, the relatively recent development and increasing use of both protein and nucleic acid detection methods have revealed some significant shortcomings associated with the formalin-based fixation process. The effects of formalin fixation on DNA are chemical modification, DNA trapping, and potentially DNA fragmentation. Chemical modification, considered the main effect, results from the direct cross-linking of proteins to DNA. 68 In addition, extensive protein-protein cross-linking and the formation of protein networks result in DNA trapping. The combination of these effects makes it much more difficult to extract DNA from FFPE tissue than from unfixed tissue, especially when methods used for extraction from fresh tissues are used on FFPE tissue without any modifications. 60,83 In addition to interfering with the ability to extract nucleic acid, formalin fixation also causes DNA fragmentation, especially when the formalin used is inadequately buffered, which then leads to formic acid formation during the fixation process. This, in turn, results in depurination of the DNA, which then becomes susceptible to cleavage by hydroxyl ions and results in the formation of single-stranded breaks.60 Similar to DNA, RNA is also degraded and chemically modified as the result of formalin fixation. The most important chemical effect of formalin on RNA is the formation of monomethylol groups with purine bases. 77 This has a significant effect on reverse transcription ...

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Novel Polyomaviral Infection in the Placenta of a Northern Fur Seal (Callorhinus ursinus) on the Pribilof Islands, Alaska, USA

Cited by 10 publications

References 15 publications

Viruses associated with Antarctic wildlife: From serology based detection to identification of genomes using high throughput sequencing

Viruses associated with Antarctic wildlife: From serology based detection to identification of genomes using high throughput sequencing

Brucella placentitis and seroprevalence in northern fur seals (Callorhinus ursinus) of the Pribilof Islands, Alaska

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