Comparison of germination responses of Anigozanthos flavidus (Haemodoraceae), Gyrostemon racemiger and Gyrostemon ramulosus (Gyrostemonaceae) to smoke-water and the smoke-derived compounds karrikinolide (KAR1) and glyceronitrile

Abstract

KAR(1) and glyceronitrile, chemicals in smoke-water that are known to stimulate germination in other species, did not promote the germination of G. racemiger. This suggests that other chemical(s) which promote germination are present in smoke, and may be derived from burning cellulose alone.

Fire-related cues and the germination of eight Conostylis (Haemodoraceae) taxa, when freshly collected, after burial and after laboratory storage

“…Glyceronitrile is another chemical that has been identified in smoke water that can promote the germination of certain taxa (Flematti et al, 2011). Since several Anigozanthos taxa respond to glyceronitrile and not KAR 1 (Flematti et al, 2011;Downes et al, 2013Downes et al, , 2014, and some Conostylis taxa respond to both KAR 1 and glyceronitrile, there are possibly different smoke-responsive pathways in at least some Conostylis taxa. Glyceronitrile generally stimulated fewer seeds to germinate than KAR 1 , indicating that KAR 1 is a relatively more important signalling molecule than glyceronitrile in Conostylis germination post-fire.…”

“…However, many Anigozanthos taxa germinate in response to smoke water but not KAR 1 (Flematti et al, 2011;Downes et al, 2013Downes et al, , 2014. Instead, these Anigozanthos taxa germinate in response to glyceronitrile, another smoke-derived chemical (Flematti et al, 2011;Downes et al, 2013Downes et al, , 2014. To date, only two genera, Anigozanthos (Haemodoraceae) and Rhodocoma (Restionaceae), are known to contain one or more taxa that are glyceronitrile-but not KAR 1 -responsive (Flematti et al, 2011;Downes et al, 2013Downes et al, , 2014.…”

“…Instead, these Anigozanthos taxa germinate in response to glyceronitrile, another smoke-derived chemical (Flematti et al, 2011;Downes et al, 2013Downes et al, , 2014. To date, only two genera, Anigozanthos (Haemodoraceae) and Rhodocoma (Restionaceae), are known to contain one or more taxa that are glyceronitrile-but not KAR 1 -responsive (Flematti et al, 2011;Downes et al, 2013Downes et al, , 2014. Conversely, at least two Conostylis taxa, C. aculeata and C. candicans, are promoted to germinate by both smoke water and KAR 1 , and the latter also responds to glyceronitrile (Flematti et al, 2004(Flematti et al, , 2011.…”

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“…Organic 12 fertilizers (OF) are all natural, environmentally friendly, naturally correct soil pH, and are cost 13 effective, but OFs are messy, not readily available, and take longer time to provide visible 14 benefits to crop yield and quality. BFs are typically cost effective, improve soil quality, and 15 increase crop yields by 20-30%, but BFs are may require specialized storage, provide slower 16 benefits compared CFs, and may require different equipment for application, (Aggani et al,17 2013; Banayo et al, 2012;Ishfani, 2012;Ribaudo et al, 2011 indirectly affect plant growth and/or development, (Arshad et al, 2007;DeBont and Albers, 24 1976;Miller et al, 1987;Vandeputte et al, 2005 A study conducted by Flematti et al, 2011, suggest vegetation release increased 33 concentrations of cyanohydrins during forest fires, the cyanohydrins undergo an abiotic reaction 34 in water releasing cyanide into the soil to stimulate seed germination, (Downes et al, 2013;35 Flematti et al, 2011;Nelson et al, 2012). A competing study conducted by Abeles, 2012, 36 suggests vegetation release large portions of hydrocarbons such as ethylene during forest fires as 37 a pollutant, (Abeles, 2012;Boubel et al, 1994;Brust, 2009).…”

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“…A study conducted by Flematti et al, 2011, suggest vegetation release increased 33 concentrations of cyanohydrins during forest fires, the cyanohydrins undergo an abiotic reaction 34 in water releasing cyanide into the soil to stimulate seed germination, (Downes et al, 2013;35 Flematti et al, 2011;Nelson et al, 2012). A competing study conducted by Abeles, 2012, 36 suggests vegetation release large portions of hydrocarbons such as ethylene during forest fires as 37 a pollutant, (Abeles, 2012;Boubel et al, 1994;Brust, 2009).…”