Contrast enhanced transesophageal echocardiography in patients with atrial fibrillation referred to electrical cardioversion improves atrial thrombus detection and may reduce associated thromboembolic events

Abstract

AimsTransesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is the gold standard for the detection of thrombi in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) before undergoing early electrical cardioversion (CV). However, TEE generates inconclusive results in a considerable number of patients. This study investigated the influence of contrast enhancement on interpretability of TEE for the detection of left atrial (LA) thrombi compared to conventional TEE and assessed, whether there are differences in the rate of thromboembolic events after electrical cardioversion.MethodsOf 180 patients with AF (51 females, 65.2±13 years) who were referred to CV, 90 were examined with native imaging and contrast enhancement within the same examination (group 1), and 90 were examined with native TEE alone and served as control (group 2). Cineloops of the multiplane examination of the LA and LA appendage (LAA) were stored digitally before and, in group 1, after intravenous bolus application of a transpulmonary contrast agent. Images of group 1 were assessed offline and the diagnosis of LA thrombi was made semi-quantitatively: 1= thrombus present; 2=inconclusive result; 3=no thrombus. The presence of spontaneous echocontrast (SEC) was registered and flow velocity in the LA appendage (LAA-flow) was measured. All patients in whom CV was performed were followed up for 1 year or until relapse of AF. CV related adverse events were defined as any thromboembolic event within 1 week after CV.ResultsNo serious adverse events occurred during TEE and contrast enhanced imaging. In group 1 atrial thrombi were diagnosed in 14 (15.6%) during native and in 10 (11.1%) patients during contrast enhanced imaging (p<0.001). Of the 10 patients with thrombi in the contrast TEE group, 7 revealed a decreased LAA-flow (≤0,3m/s) and 8 showed moderate or marked SEC. Uncertain results were significantly more common during native imaging than with contrast enhanced TEE (16 vs. 5 patients, p<0.01). Thrombi could definitely be excluded in 60 (66.7%) during conventional and in 75 patients (83.3%) during contrast enhanced TEE (p<0.01). CV was performed subsequently after exclusion of thrombi and at the discretion of the investigator. In group 1, 74 patients (82.2%) were cardioverted and no patient suffered a CV related complication (p=0.084). In group 2, 76 patients (84.4%) underwent CV, of whom 3 suffered a thromboembolic complication after CV (2 strokes, 1 peripheral embolism).ConclusionIn patients with AF planned for CV contrast enhancement renders TEE images more interpretable, facilitates the exclusion of atrial thrombi and may reduce the rate of embolic adverse events.

Reference Ranges of Left Ventricular Strain Measures by Two-Dimensional Speckle-Tracking Echocardiography in Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

“…9,20,23,24,30,38,44-46 The normal mean values of systolic GLSr varied from -1.08 to -1.32 (mean -1.18, 95% CI -1.10 to -1.25) Between-study heterogeneity was evidenced by a Cochran's Q statistic of 83 (P < 0.0001) and inconsistency by an I 2 value of 94.0%. The normal mean values of early diastolic GLSr varied from 1.40 to 1.85 (mean 1.62, 95% CI 1.31 to 1.92).…”

“…9,14,15,19,20,23,24,26-28,30,33,38,39,41,44-47,49 The normal mean values of GLS varied from -16.7% to -23.6% (mean -20.2%, 95% CI -19.5% to -20.8%), (Figure 2a). Between-study heterogeneity was evidenced by a Cochran's Q statistic of 561 (P < 0.0001) and inconsistency by an I 2 value of 95.5%.…”

“…7,8,10-13,16-19,21,22,28-34,36-38,40,42,43,48 (There were four datasets that reported both the GLS and the LS from the apical 4-chamber view only. 19,28,30,33 ) The normal mean values of LS varied from -15.1% to -24.8% (mean -20.4, 95% CI -19.8% to -21.7%), (Figure 2b).…”

Risk Factors for Left Atrial Thrombus From Transesophageal Echocardiography Findings in Ischemic Stroke Patients

“…It was reported that the stroke or other embolic even rate was 12% / year in patients who had AF with SEC 20) . A previous study in AF patients showed that LAA flow velocity was significantly lower in patients with than without LAT 26) . In conjunction with our findings, the association between LAA slow flow velocity and LAT may be dependent on the presence of AF.…”

Role of Imaging in Left Atrial Appendage Occlusion

“…In one intraoperative study, TOE was compared with direct visualization of LA contents at surgery and had a sensitivity and specificity of 100% and 99%, respectively [43] 3D TOE can help discriminate pectinate muscles from thrombus in cases with diagnostics doubts [44]. In case of uncertainty about the presence of a thrombus in the LAA, the use of ultrasound contrast can be helpful [45]. Studies with mutlidetector CT have reported good sensitivity and specificity for CCTA for LAA thrombus detection [46,47].…”