“…CAC are the adherent mononuclear cells which emerge after a 4-7 d culture of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in endothelial cell medium using fibronectin-coated plates (77). They contribute to endothelial repair by attracting circulating EPC in the blood and by stimulating their integration into the injured endothelium via the secretion of angiogenic growth factors.…”
Section: Cell-derived Markers Of Endothelial Damage and Repair In Obementioning
“…CAC are the adherent mononuclear cells which emerge after a 4-7 d culture of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in endothelial cell medium using fibronectin-coated plates (77). They contribute to endothelial repair by attracting circulating EPC in the blood and by stimulating their integration into the injured endothelium via the secretion of angiogenic growth factors.…”
Section: Cell-derived Markers Of Endothelial Damage and Repair In Obementioning
“…Pre-analytical factors included the choice of the sample material, modality of blood collection, handling temperature and certain subject-associated confounding factors. Numerous other problems associated with data acquisition, mentioned by Van Craenenbroeck et al (55), were the protocols for erythrocyte-depletion, the wash/no wash approaches. The authors suggested steps that must be followed to reduce the sources of error in FCM results.…”
Section: Flow Cytometric Analysis Of Endothelial Progenitor Cells In mentioning
Abstract. Malignant tumors are characterized by uncontrolled cell growth and metastatic spread, with a pivotal importance of the phenomenon of angiogenesis. For this reason, research has focused on the development of agents targeting the vascular component of the tumor microenvironment and regulating the angiogenic switch. As a result, the therapeutic inhibition of angiogenesis has become an important component of anticancer treatment, however, its utility is partly limited by the lack of an established methodology to assess its efficacy in vivo. Circulating endothelial cells (CECs), which are rare in healthy subjects and significantly increased in different tumor types, represent a promising tool for monitoring the tumor clinical outcome and the treatment response. A cell population circulating into the blood also able to form endothelial colonies in vitro and to promote vasculogenesis is represented by endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs). The number of both of these cell types is extremely low and they cannot be identified using a single marker, therefore, in absence of a definite consensus on their phenotype, require discrimination using combinations of antigens. Multiparameter flow cytometry (FCM) is ideal for rapid processing of high numbers of cells per second and is commonly utilized to quantify CECs and EPCs, however, remains technically challenging since there is as yet no standardized protocol for the identification and enumeration of these rare events. Methodology in studies on CECs and/or EPCs as clinical biomarkers in oncology is heterogeneous and data have been obtained from different studies leading to conflicting conclusions. The present review presented a critical review of the issues that limit the comparability of results of the most significant studies employing FCM for CEC and/or EPC detection in patients with cancer.
“…Of note, other than the technical challenges inherent to EPC quantification (additional information in ref. 47), considerable heterogeneity is present in EPC nomenclature, which calls for caution in the interpretation and comparison of results. In a broad sense, the term EPC covers two different cell types: circulating cells characterized by flow cytometric analysis as well as plated PBMCs giving rise to EPC colonies (for example, endothelial cell colony-forming unit [e-CFU]) (48).…”
Cardiovascular disease remains the main cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with CKD, an observation that cannot be explained by the coexistence of traditional risk factors alone. Recently, other mechanisms, such as alterations in nitric oxide bioavailability, impaired endothelial repair mechanisms, inflammation, and oxidative stress (all characteristic in CKD), have gained much attention as mediators for the increased cardiovascular risk. Regular physical training is a valuable nonpharmacological intervention for primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Likewise, the benefits of exercise training on exercise capacity and quality of life are increasingly recognized in patients with CKD. Furthermore, exercise training could also influence potential reversible mechanisms involved in atherosclerosis and arteriosclerosis. After discussing briefly the general concepts of vascular disease in CKD, this review provides an overview of the current evidence for the effects of exercise training at both clinical and preclinical levels. It concludes with some practical considerations on exercise training in this specific patient group.
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