Reading nutrition labels is associated with a lower risk of metabolic syndrome in Korean adults: The 2007–2008 Korean NHANES

Association between Nutrition Label Reading and Nutrient Intake in Korean Adults: Korea National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey, 2007-2009 (KNHANES IV)

“…Similar to previous findings, this study also showed that younger people and women were more likely to read nutrition labels 9,10). This seems to be due to having different opportunities to receive nutrition education or information on nutrition labels according to gender and age group.…”

“…The sociodemographic factors associated with nutrition label reading used in this study were gender, age, body mass index (BMI), marital status (single, divorced or separated, married), education level (under middle school, middle school graduate, high school graduate, university graduate), household income, number of family members (1-2 persons, more than 3 persons), subjective perception of body figure (thin, average, obese), smoking status (non-smoker, ex-smoker, current smoker), and alcohol use frequency (less than once per month, twice per month to once weekly, twice weekly or more), as per previous studies 9,10). The presence of chronic diseases such as hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia were assessed using the response to the question on the presence of chronic disease.…”

“…Similarly, analyses of data from the 2007-2008 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) have shown that those with higher household income and education level were more likely to read nutrition labels 10). A number of other studies have also looked into the association between the use of nutrition labels and the actual pattern of nutrient intake, some of which have shown that those who read nutrition labels tended to consume less calories and fats, and more fruits, vegetables and fiber 8,9,11,12,13).…”

Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2017 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association

“…In prospective or retrospective cohort studies, the following factors have been reported as being directly associated with incident metabolic syndrome, defined by 1 of the major definitions: age, 25 low educational attainment, 128,129 low socioeconomic status, 130 not being able to understand or read food labels, 131 urbanization, 132 smoking, 129,130,133,134 parental smoking, 135 low levels of PA, 129,130,133,134 low levels of physical fitness, 136–138 intake of soft drinks, 139 intake of diet soda, 140 fructose intake, 141 magnesium intake, 142,143 energy intake, 144 carbohydrate intake, 128,134,145 total fat intake, 74,146 Western dietary pattern, meat intake, (red but not white meat 147 ), intake of fried foods, 140 skipping breakfast, 148 heavy alcohol consumption, 149 abstention from alcohol use, 128 parental history of DM, 74 long-term stress at work, 150 pediatric metabolic syndrome, 74 obesity or BMI, 77,88,100,146,151 childhood obesity, 152 intra-abdominal fat, 153 gain in weight or BMI, 135,146 weight fluctuation, 154 heart rate, 155 homeostasis model assessment, 156,157 fasting insulin, 157 2-hour insulin, 157 proinsulin, 157 oxidized LDL-C, 156 lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2, 158 uric acid, 159,160 γ-glutamyltransf erase, 159,161,162 alanine transaminase, 159,161,163,164 plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, 165 aldosterone, 165 leptin, 166 ferritin, 167 CRP, 168,169 adipocyte–fatty acid binding protein, …”

“…The following factors have been reported as being inversely associated with incident metabolic syndrome, defined by 1 of the major definitions, in prospective or retrospective cohort studies: muscular strength, 179 increased PA or physical fitness, 134,180 aerobic training, 181 moderate alcohol intake, 86,100 fiber intake, 182 fruits and vegetables, 183 white fish intake, 184 Mediterranean diet, 185 dairy consumption 140 (particularly yogurt and low-fat dairy products 186 ), consumption of fermented milk with Lactobacillus plantarum , 187 animal or fat protein, 188 hot tea consumption (but not sugar-sweetened iced tea), 189 coffee consumption, 190 vitamin D intake, 191,192 intake of tree nuts, 193 avocado intake, 194 long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid, 195 potassium intake, 196 ability to interpret nutrition labels, 131 insulin sensitivity, 157 ratio of aspartate aminotransferase to ala-nine transaminase, 163 total testosterone, 153,157,197 serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D, 198 sex hormone–binding globulin, 153,157,197 and Δ5-desaturase activity. 199 In cross-sectional studies, increased standing, 200 a vegetarian diet, 201 subclinical hypothyroidism in males, 202 and marijuana use 203 were inversely associated with metabolic syndrome.…”