The influence of aging on attentional refreshing and articulatory rehearsal during working memory on later episodic memory performance

Loaiza, Vanessa M.; McCabe, David P.

doi:10.1080/13825585.2012.738289

Cited by 57 publications

(101 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…The two-operation span task should allow more refreshing opportunities than the one-operation task, because one covert retrieval could occur after each operation. Whereas variation in rehearsal did not induce any difference in the delayed test, delayed-recall performance did increase with the number of refreshing opportunities (Loaiza & McCabe, 2013). The authors concluded that refreshing is important for maintaining information in both working and episodic memory.…”

Section: Refreshing Maintenancementioning

confidence: 81%

“…We should nevertheless replicate the well-known detrimental effect in immediate recall when rehearsal is impeded by a concurrent articulation. In this regard, it should be noted that Loaiza and McCabe (2013) reported that rehearsal did not affect delayed recall. However, the two conditions that they contrasted both involved concurrent articulation, the amount of which varied.…”

Section: Refreshing Maintenancementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Contrary to Loaiza and McCabe's (2013) study, we kept the number of refreshing opportunities constant, while the cognitive load varied. The cognitive load of the concurrent task was varied in two ways, by manipulating either the nature of the task (a simple reaction time task vs. a parity judgment task, Exp.…”

Section: Refreshing Maintenancementioning

confidence: 99%

“…In a follow-up study, they varied in two distinct experiments the opportunities for rehearsal and refreshing in young and old adults (Loaiza & McCabe, 2013). To vary the opportunity for rehearsal in an operation span task, the segments of arithmetic problems were presented on screen either simultaneously or sequentially, the latter of which required continuous reading and more strongly prohibited rehearsal than did the former (Hudjetz & Oberauer, 2007).…”

Section: Refreshing Maintenancementioning

confidence: 99%

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The impact of cognitive load on delayed recall

Camos

Portrat

2014

Psychon Bull Rev

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Recent studies have suggested that long-term retention of items studied in a working memory span task depends on the refreshing of memory items-more specifically, on the number of refreshing opportunities. However, it was previously shown that refreshing depends on the cognitive load of the concurrent task introduced in the working memory span task. Thus, cognitive load should determine the long-term retention of items assessed in a delayed-recall test if such retention relies on refreshing. In two experiments, while the amount of refreshing opportunities remained constant, we varied the cognitive load of the concurrent task by either introducing tasks differing in their attentional demands or varying the pace of the concurrent task. To verify that this effect was related to refreshing and not to any maintenance mechanism, we also manipulated the availability of subvocal rehearsal. Replicating previous results, increasing cognitive load reduced immediate recall. This increase also had a detrimental effect on delayed recall. Conversely, the addition of concurrent articulation reduced immediate but not delayed recall. This study shows that both working and episodic memory traces depend on the cognitive load of the concurrent task, whereas the use of rehearsal affects only working memory performance. These findings add further evidence of the dissociation between subvocal rehearsal and attentional refreshing.

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Section: Refreshing Maintenancementioning

confidence: 81%

Section: Refreshing Maintenancementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Refreshing Maintenancementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Refreshing Maintenancementioning

confidence: 99%

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The impact of cognitive load on delayed recall

Camos

Portrat

2014

Psychon Bull Rev

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“…Whereas articulatory maintenance rehearsal has only a limited effect on long-term memory (Greene, 1987), refreshing has been shown to improve long-term retention (Raye et al, 2007), and providing more time for refreshing during a WM task results in better recall of the memoranda in a delayed test (Camos & Portrat, 2015;Loaiza & McCabe, 2012b) Therefore, the efficiency of refreshing could be a source of common variance of WM and long-term memory. In line with this hypothesis, Loaiza and McCabe (2012a) have argued that age differences in episodic long-term memory can in part be explained by age differences in the efficiency of refreshing.…”

Section: Correlations With Long-term Memory (C3)mentioning

confidence: 91%

What limits working memory capacity?

Oberauer

Farrell

Jarrold

et al. 2016

Psychological Bulletin

252

213

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We review the evidence for the three principal theoretical contenders that vie to explain why and how working memory capacity is limited. We examine the possibility that capacity limitations arise from temporal decay; we examine whether they might reflect a limitation in cognitive resources; and we ask whether capacity might be limited because of mutual interference of representations in working memory. We evaluate each hypothesis against a common set of findings reflecting the capacity limit: The set-size effect and its modulation by domain-specificity and heterogeneity of the memory set; the effects of unfilled retention intervals and of distractor processing in the retention interval; and the pattern of correlates of working-memory tests. We conclude that---at least for verbal memoranda---a decay explanation is untenable. A resource-based view remains tenable but has difficulty accommodating several findings. The interference approach has its own set of difficulties but accounts best for the set of findings, and therefore appears to present the most promising approach for future development.Keywords: working memory, decay, resources, interference, individual differences WM Capacity 3 What Limits Working Memory Capacity?Working memory (WM) is the system that holds mental representations available for processing. Its limited capacity is a limiting factor for the complexity of our thoughts (Halford, Cowan, & Andrews, 2007;Oberauer, 2009). Measures of WM capacity have been identified as major determinants of cognitive development in childhood (Bayliss, Jarrold, Gunn, & Baddeley, 2003) and in old age (Park et al., 2002;Salthouse, 1994), as well as of individual differences in intellectual abilities (Conway, Kane, & Engle, 2003;Jarrold & Towse, 2006). Understanding why WM capacity is limited is therefore an essential step toward understanding why human cognitive abilities are limited, why individuals differ in these abilities, and how abilities develop over the lifespan.In this article we use the term WM capacity in a descriptive sense, referring to the fact that people can hold only a limited amount of mental content available for processing. The capacity limit is usually operationalized as a limit on how much new information people can remember over short periods of time (in the order of seconds), but there are reasons to believe (discussed below) that the capacity limit also applies to people's ability to make information in the current environment simultaneously available for processing.Hypotheses about what limits WM capacity can be organized into three groups: (1) Some theories assume that representations in WM decay over time, unless decay is prevented by some form of restoration process such as rehearsal. According to this view, WM has limited capacity because only a limited amount of information can be rehearsed before it fades away into an irrecoverable state (Baddeley, Thomson, & Buchanan, 1975;Schweickert & Boruff, 1986). (2) Alternatively, WM capacity has been characterized as a limited resourc...

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