[23] Oxidative chemistry of peroxynitrite

Protection against peroxynitrite‐dependent tyrosine nitration and α1‐antiproteinase inactivation by oxidized and reduced lipoic acid

“…Recently, there has been considerable interest in reactive nitrogen species as mediators of tissue injury [9,10]. Although nitric oxide (NO') has many important physiological functions [11], its production in excess may contribute to the pathology of neurodegenerative disease, chronic inflammation, acute respiratory distress syndrome, atherosclerosis and septic shock [9][10][11][12][13][14].…”

“…Although nitric oxide (NO') has many important physiological functions [11], its production in excess may contribute to the pathology of neurodegenerative disease, chronic inflammation, acute respiratory distress syndrome, atherosclerosis and septic shock [9][10][11][12][13][14]. Part of the toxicity of NO" involves its reaction with superoxide radical (02 °-) to give peroxynitrite, ONOO-…”

“…Peroxynitrite induces peroxidation of lipids, oxidizes methionine and -SH residues in proteins, depletes antioxidants and causes DNA damage [9,10,15,16]. In particular, addition of peroxynitrite to biological fluids leads to nitration of tyrosine residues, and the presence of these appears to be a 'marker' of peroxynitrite-dependent damage in vivo [10,[12][13][14][15][16].…”

“…In particular, addition of peroxynitrite to biological fluids leads to nitration of tyrosine residues, and the presence of these appears to be a 'marker' of peroxynitrite-dependent damage in vivo [10,[12][13][14][15][16]. Tyrosine nitration can interfere with signal transduction mechanisms involving phosphorylation/dephosphorylation [17].…”

Polymorphonuclear leukocyte mediated oxidative inactivation of alpha-1-proteinase inhibitor: Modulation by nitric oxide

“…The ROS include superexide (Oz), nitric oxide (NO), hydrogen peroxide (H2Oz), hydroxyl radical (-OH) and hypohalides. Nitric oxide and superoxide combine to form peroxynitrite, a relatively long lasting oxidant and hydroxyl radical, a much lethal species (5,6,7). ROS modulate Ca 2. signaling and protein phosphorylation events and thereby function as regulators of various biological processes including gene expression, cell growth, differentiation, chemotaxis, apoptosis and defense mechanisms (6,9,10).…”