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Principles of demineralization: Modern strategies for the isolation of organic frameworks

“…In conclusion, demineralization is an ongoing, challenging group of mechanisms and aspects applicable and used by different scientific disciplines with their diverse directions including the following: evolutionary paleontology (Gould, 1970); astrobiology (McLoughlin et al, 2007); biomolecular deterioration and survival of organic matter (Collins et al, 2002); geomycology (Gadd, 2007); paleoclimatology (Schöne and Giere, 2005); seawater chemistry (Porter, 2007); material chemistry (Dujardin and Mann, 2002); geomedicine (Sahai, 2005); paleobathymetry (Wisshak and Rüggeberg, 2006); exobiology (Onofri et al, 2004); osteoarchaeology (Davis, 1997); archaeology and bioarcheology (Larsen, 2002); histology and histotechnology (Callis and Sterchi, 1998); forensic dentistry and forensic science (Rogers, 1988); demineralized bone allografts (Herold et al, 2002); dental anthropology (Alt et al, 1998); mineral dissolution (Nancollas, 1982;Wang et al, 2005bWang et al, , 2006a; bio-and chemical weathering (Benzerara et al, 2005); medical geology (Skinner and Berger, 2003); calcibiocavitology and endolithic microborings (Carriker and Smith, 1969); bioerosion (Lazar and Loya, 1991;Garcia-Pichel, 2006); remineralization of biomaterials ; shell repair and regeneration (Meenakshi et al, 1974;Palmer, 1983); sclerochronological studies ; bioremediation (Singh and Ward, 2004); bone diseases, osteoporosis, osteopenia, osteoclasia (Skinner, 2000); biodeterioration (Morton, 1987); taphonomy (Child, 1995); archeological bone chemistry (Pate, 1994); paleohistory, paleoecology, paleontology (Pate, 1994;…”

Metric Methods of Skeletal Sex Determination using the Arm Bones of Two British Medieval Populations

“…This may be due to the close association between long bone length and stature estimation. This has been observed in previous studies as varying between populations and therefore may affect the results for sex estimation [4,16,27]. Analysis comparing males and females from the different populations (Table 5) showed that there were significant differences between male and females from Poulton and Gloucester in all the measurements.…”

“…This may be due to the different activities carried out in urban and rural communities [26]. The amount of physical activity can be inferred by the dimensions of long bones (such as those of the arm), as the greater robusticity of long bones indicates greater activity [27]. Table 1 shows that Gloucester and Poulton females are grouped closer together compared to the males from these populations and that Gloucester males were closest to the female populations.…”

Subsistence and Settlement Correlates of Treponemal Disease: Temporal Patterns in Pre-Columbian East Tennessee

“…porotic hyperostosis, cribra orbitalia, linear enamel hypoplasia and periosteal reaction [periostosis]) have long been informative in reconstructing extinct pre-Columbian North American lifeways (e.g. Armelagos, 2003;Buikstra & Beck, 2006;Boyd, 1996;Larsen, 1995Larsen, , 2002Martin & Goodman, 2002;Powell et al, 1991;Steckel et al, 2002). These reactive changes, reflecting response(s) to persistent environmental conditions such as crowding, nutritional stress and poor community hygiene (Buikstra & Beck, 2006;Larsen, 2002), have not only indicated differential health across subsistence and settlement shifts but also revealed intrasite health differences based on sex, age and social role or status (e.g.…”

“…Armelagos, 2003;Buikstra & Beck, 2006;Boyd, 1996;Larsen, 1995Larsen, , 2002Martin & Goodman, 2002;Powell et al, 1991;Steckel et al, 2002). These reactive changes, reflecting response(s) to persistent environmental conditions such as crowding, nutritional stress and poor community hygiene (Buikstra & Beck, 2006;Larsen, 2002), have not only indicated differential health across subsistence and settlement shifts but also revealed intrasite health differences based on sex, age and social role or status (e.g. Boyd, 1996;Larsen, 1998Larsen, , 2002Schultz et al, 2007).…”