21st-Century Hazards of Smoking and Benefits of Cessation in the United States

Jha, Prabhat; Ramasundarahettige, Chinthanie; Landsman, Victoria; Rostron, Brain; Thun, Michael J.; Anderson, Robert N.; McAfee, Tim; Pető, Richárd

doi:10.1097/sa.0b013e31829b8123

Cited by 106 publications

(135 citation statements)

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“…Not surprisingly, deaths from lung disease and lung cancer were most prominent among smokers. These findings add to the evidence base about the enormous toll that smoking exerts on the health of women and are consistent with a study that examined the hazards of continued smoking and the benefits associated with cessation among US women and men 2 3. An important message gleaned from these studies is that quitting smoking at age 40 has the potential to greatly reduce the risk of death.…”

Section: Commentarysupporting

confidence: 79%

Two-thirds of female smokers aged over 50 die from smoking-related causes, but quitting before 40 decreases this by 90%

Cooley

Park

2013

Evid Based Med

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Section: Commentarysupporting

confidence: 79%

Two-thirds of female smokers aged over 50 die from smoking-related causes, but quitting before 40 decreases this by 90%

Cooley

Park

2013

Evid Based Med

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“…because younger persons are included. This is shown by data on the benefits of smoking cessation, which adds about 20% to lifespan (10 years at age 30, 9 years at age 40, and 6 years at age 50, according to Jha et al, 2013). In addition, basic design elements of these recent crosssectional studies are problematic:…”

Section: Comparisons With Previous Studies Of Life Expectancy and Airmentioning

confidence: 93%

Inferring frail life expectancies in Chicago from daily fluctuations in elderly mortality

Murray¹,

Lipfert²

2013

Inhalation Toxicology

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Susceptible sub-populations with existing disease have exhibited stronger relationships between air quality and mortality in time-series studies, but their associated life expectancies have largely been overlooked. Murray and Nelson developed a new time-series model that estimated a small unobserved (frail) sub-population and their resulting life expectancies in Philadelphia, including environment relationships. As a further example in a different geographic area, we used this model with 1987-2000 daily mortality data in Chicago and found a stable frail population at risk of ∼900 persons with a mean life expectancy of ∼11 days; fewer than two daily deaths were associated with air pollution. We considered daily concentrations of CO, NO₂, O₃, PM₁₀ and SO₂, and found PM₁₀ and O₃ to have stronger associations with frail mortality. Our estimates of life expectancy and air pollution and temperature relationships are similar to those found in other studies that used different methods. Temperature was more important than air pollution during the 1995 heat wave, when mortality risks increased dramatically after 2 d exposure and life expectancies decreased to 3-5 d. Modeling this event separately had substantial effects on lagged mortality--air pollution relationships and the population at risk. The premises of the Murray-Nelson model were supported by simultaneously considering an additional subgroup of non-frail individuals; they contributed only ∼1% of total elderly deaths. We conclude that frail life expectancies estimated by the Murray-Nelson model are robust, and that under these conditions non-frail persons have little risk of acute mortality, with or without contributions from air pollution.

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“…Though smoking 1–4 cigarettes a day, as noted above, increases the risk of lung cancer by 3–5 times,12 this must be seen in relation to the very low risk for never-smokers. Further, while the literature emphasises that there is no ‘safe’ or ‘risk-free’ level of tobacco consumption, those who quit before age 30 appear to avoid almost all of the excess mortality risk associated with continued smoking 8 9 55. Given that smoking can further such goals as pleasure, manifesting a romantic nonchalance and social belonging, these risks seem potentially quite acceptable.…”

Section: Irrationalitymentioning

confidence: 99%

The case for banning cigarettes

Grill

Voigt

2015

J Med Ethics

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Lifelong smokers lose on average a decade of life vis-à-vis non-smokers. Globally, tobacco causes about 5-6 million deaths annually. One billion tobacco-related deaths are predicted for the 21st century, with about half occurring before the age of 70. In this paper, we consider a complete ban on the sale of cigarettes and find that such a ban, if effective, would be justified. As with many policy decisions, the argument for such a ban requires a weighing of the pros and cons and how they impact on different individuals, both current and future. The weightiest factor supporting a ban, we argue, is the often substantial well-being losses many individuals suffer because of smoking. These harms, moreover, disproportionally affect the disadvantaged. The potential gains in well-being and equality, we argue, outweigh the limits a ban places on individuals' freedom, its failure to respect some individuals' autonomous choice and the likelihood that it may, in individual cases, reduce well-being.

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21st-Century Hazards of Smoking and Benefits of Cessation in the United States

Cited by 106 publications

References 0 publications

Two-thirds of female smokers aged over 50 die from smoking-related causes, but quitting before 40 decreases this by 90%

Two-thirds of female smokers aged over 50 die from smoking-related causes, but quitting before 40 decreases this by 90%

Inferring frail life expectancies in Chicago from daily fluctuations in elderly mortality

The case for banning cigarettes

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