210-Day Kinetics of Total, IgG, and Neutralizing Spike Antibodies across a Course of 3 Doses of BNT162b2 mRNA Vaccine

Lau, Chin Shern; Oh, May Lin Helen; Phua, Soon Kieng; Liang, YL; Aw, Tar Choon

doi:10.3390/vaccines10101703

Cited by 6 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…More so, the study also found that the avidity of the antibodies after the 3rd dose is higher than after the second dose 10 . In another study from Singapore showed that the total S-Ab/IgG/N-Ab levels increased post-booster compared to a 2nd dose, with IgG/N-Ab having a longer half-life 11 . Evidence from Japan also suggests that the 3rd dose conferred higher durable antibody titers 12 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Protection against Omicron BA.1/BA.2 severe disease 0–7 months after BNT162b2 booster

et al. 2023

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Following evidence of waning immunity against both infection and severe disease after 2 doses of the BNT162b2 vaccine, Israel began administering a 3rd BNT162b2 dose (booster) in July 2021. Recent studies showed that the 3rd dose provides a much lower protection against infection with the Omicron variant compared to the Delta variant and that this protection wanes quickly. However, there is little evidence regarding the protection of the 3rd dose against Omicron (BA.1/BA.2) severe disease. In this study, we estimate the preservation of immunity from severe disease up to 7 months after receiving the booster dose. We calculate rates of severe SARS-CoV-2 disease between groups of individuals aged 60 and above, comparing those who received two doses at least 4 months previously to those who received the 3rd dose (stratified by the time from vaccination), and to those who received a 4th dose. The analysis shows that protection conferred by the 3rd dose against Omicron severe disease did not wane over a 7-month period. Moreover, a 4th dose further improved protection, with a severe disease rate approximately 3-fold lower than in the 3-dose cohorts.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Protection against Omicron BA.1/BA.2 severe disease 0–7 months after BNT162b2 booster

et al. 2023

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“…The bivalent wild-type/BA.5 booster increases neutralizing titers 1.3-fold compared to the monovalent wild-type booster [19], and it increases breadth against emerging immuneevasive variants [84]. Although this model assumes an individual's nAb vaccinal and postinfection nAb half-lives are fixed, emerging data suggests that nAb half-lives may be increased by repeat exposure [85][86][87][88]. Additionally, multiple studies suggest repeat vaccination improves the breadth of the nAb response [86] and antibody avidity [89].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The impact of vaccination frequency on COVID-19 public health outcomes: A model-based analysis

Stoddard¹,

Yuan²,

Sarkar

et al. 2023

Preprint

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While the rapid deployment of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines had a significant impact on the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, rapid viral immune evasion and waning neutralizing antibody titers have degraded vaccine efficacy. Nevertheless, vaccine manufacturers and public health authorities have a number of levers at their disposal to maximize the benefits of vaccination. Here, we use an agent-based modeling framework coupled with the outputs of a population pharmacokinetic model to examine the impact of boosting frequency and durability of vaccinal response on vaccine efficacy. Our work suggests that repeated dosing at frequent intervals (multiple times a year) may offset the degradation of vaccine efficacy, preserving their utility in managing the ongoing pandemic. Our work relies on assumptions about antibody accumulation and the tolerability of repeated vaccine doses. Given the practical significance of potential improvements in vaccinal utility, clinical research to better understand the effects of repeated vaccination would be highly impactful. These findings are particularly relevant as public health authorities worldwide seek to reduce the frequency of boosters to once a year or less. Our work suggests practical recommendations for vaccine manufacturers and public health authorities and draws attention to the possibility that better outcomes for SARS-CoV-2 public health remain within reach.

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“…Several studies have documented post-vaccination antibody kinetics [ 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 ]. However, although antibody levels and kinetics are essential, analyzing them in isolation has limitations as they are unlinked to clinical impact.…”

Section: Post-vaccination Antibody Kinetics and Vementioning

confidence: 99%

“…One report [ 9 ] tried to obtain an immunological correlate of protection, and although they did find a good correlation between virus neutralization/antibody titers and efficacy (Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient of 0.79/0.93), it was still difficult to ascertain a definitive protective antibody titer. Furthermore, antibody titers steadily decrease 3–6 months after either the second or booster doses [ 5 , 8 , 10 , 11 ], corresponding with a decline in VE (especially in older individuals) [ 12 ].…”

Section: Post-vaccination Antibody Kinetics and Vementioning

confidence: 99%

Considerations in Understanding Vaccine Effectiveness

Lau

2022

Vaccines

Self Cite

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Although vaccine effectiveness reports are essential to assessing policies on SARS-CoV-2 vaccination, several factors can affect our interpretation of the results. These include the waning of antibodies, the prevailing viral variants at the time of the study, and COVID-19 disease prevalence in the population. Disease prevalence significantly impacts absolute risk reduction and could skew expected efficacy when increased disease prevalence inflates the absolute risk reduction in the face of a constant relative risk reduction. These factors must be considered in the interpretation of vaccine effectiveness to better understand how vaccines can improve disease prevention among the population. We highlight the impact of various factors on vaccine effectiveness.

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210-Day Kinetics of Total, IgG, and Neutralizing Spike Antibodies across a Course of 3 Doses of BNT162b2 mRNA Vaccine

Cited by 6 publications

References 34 publications

Protection against Omicron BA.1/BA.2 severe disease 0–7 months after BNT162b2 booster

Protection against Omicron BA.1/BA.2 severe disease 0–7 months after BNT162b2 booster

The impact of vaccination frequency on COVID-19 public health outcomes: A model-based analysis

Considerations in Understanding Vaccine Effectiveness

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