20th Century Retreat and Recent Drought Accelerated Extinction of Mountain Glaciers and Perennial Snowfields in the Trinity Alps, California

Garwood, Justin M.; Fountain, Andrew G.; Lindke, Kenneth T.; Hattem, Michael G. van; Basagic, Hassan J.

doi:10.3955/046.094.0104

Cited by 8 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 63 publications

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“…Across the Pacific coast, snowpack is expected to decrease and precipitation from rain is expected to increase (Mote et al, 2018). Glaciers and snowfields extend and provide cold water inputs to perennial wetlands in high-elevation areas that normally lack surface waters (Garwood et al, 2020). The continuing decline in perennial snowfields and winter snowpack could greatly reduce A. truei recruitment on account of stream drying in populations that require multiple years of larval development.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recent discoveries of populations of Coastal Tailed Frogs ( Ascaphus truei ) within the subalpine zone of the Klamath Mountains near the southern extent of their geographic range (Garwood et al, 2020) extend the upper elevational range into the highest peaks of the Klamath Range, California, USA. Coastal Tailed Frogs are ideal for the study of geographic and elevational variation in life history because they range across most of the Pacific Northwest, from northern California into British Columbia, Canada, and from near sea level to the subalpine zone.…”

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Larval Life History of Coastal Tailed Frogs (Ascaphus truei) Across an Elevational Gradient in Northern California: Implications for a Changing Climate

Macedo,

Demianew,

Garwood

et al. 2023

Journal of Herpetology

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Coastal Tailed Frogs (Ascaphus truei) range across the Pacific Northwest from northern California, USA, into British Columbia, Canada, and from sea level to >2,131 m. Previous work has shown a variable larval period but has not clearly separated elevational from latitudinal effects. Therefore, we examined size at beginning of metamorphosis, larval period, individual growth rates, and timing of metamorphosis of A. truei populations along an elevational gradient from 152 to 2,131 m across a small latitudinal range (29 km) to reduce potential latitudinal effects, all within the Klamath Mountains of northern California. We sampled larvae at 15 study sites, of which we used 6 sites as intensive capture–mark–recapture (CMR) locations, and the other 9 for supplemental data on larval period and size at metamorphosis. In CMR sites, we individually marked tadpoles to determine within-season growth rates. We found that the A. truei larval period in these populations ranges from 2 yr in low and middle elevations to ‡3 yr in high-elevation populations. We also found decreased size at beginning of metamorphosis and increased growth rates of tadpoles with increasing elevation. Our high-elevation populations had the longest larval period documented in California. The associations of growth and timing of metamorphosis to elevation in A. truei populations suggest that responses to changing climate may differ across elevations.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Larval Life History of Coastal Tailed Frogs (Ascaphus truei) Across an Elevational Gradient in Northern California: Implications for a Changing Climate

Macedo,

Demianew,

Garwood

et al. 2023

Journal of Herpetology

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“…The 2018 imagery was the best for the least snow cover. Justin Garwood (Garwood et al, 2020) provided outlines for two glaciers, Grizzly and Salmon. The area of the most recent outline of the Salmon Glacier was < 0.01 km 2 and was not included in this inventory.…”

Section: Trinity Alpsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inventory of glaciers and perennial snowfields of the coterminous USA

Fountain

Glenn²,

Mcneil³

2023

Preprint

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Abstract. This report summarizes the methods used to construct an inventory of glaciers and perennial snowfields of the contiguous United States. The inventory is based on interpretation of mostly aerial imagery provided by the National Agricultural Imagery Program, US Department of Agriculture with some satellite imagery in places where aerial imagery was not suitable. The inventory includes all perennial snow and ice features greater than 0.01 km2. Due to aerial survey schedules and seasonal snow cover, multiple imagery dates were required. The earliest date is 2013 and the latest is 2020, but more than 73 % of the outlines were acquired from 2015 imagery. The inventory is compiled as shapefiles within a geographic information system that includes feature area and location. The inventory identified 1331 (366.52 km2) glaciers, 1776 (31.00 km2) perennial snowfields, and 35 (3.57 km2) buried-ice features. The data including both the shape files and tabulated results are publicly available at https://doi.org/10.15760/geology-data.03 (Fountain and Glenn, 2022).

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“…Sawyer and Thornburgh (1974) largely focused their sampling efforts within the montane and subalpine zones (>1650 m elevation). Recent modeling studies have suggested lagged responses to climate change in this region (Serra‐Diaz et al, 2018) and indicated that these zones may be particularly vulnerable to change due to increasing temperatures and reduced winter snowpack (Garwood et al, 2020; Maxwell & Scheller, 2020). Despite many paleoecological studies of the Klamath Mountains, there are no long‐term assessments of recent changes in upper‐montane trees communities to compare with projected future changes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of a half century of warming and fire exclusion on montane forests of the Klamath Mountains, California, USA

Jules

DeSiervo

Reilly

et al. 2022

Ecological Monographs

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Climate warming and altered disturbance regimes are changing forest composition and structure worldwide. Given that species often exhibit individualistic responses to change, making predictions about the cumulative effects of multiple stressors across environmental gradients is challenging, especially in diverse communities. For example, warming temperatures are predicted to drive species upslope, whereas fire exclusion promotes the expansion of species at lower elevations where fire was historically frequent. We resampled 148 vegetation plots to assess 46 years (1969–2015) of species and community‐level response to warming and fire exclusion in a topographically complex landscape in the Klamath Mountains, California, USA, a diverse region that served as a climate refugia throughout the Holocene. We compared cover and assessed change in the elevational distributions of 12 conifer species at different life stages (i.e., seedlings, saplings, canopy). We observed consistent but non‐significant shifts upward in elevation for eight species, and a significant shift upward for one species, all of which were far less than expectations based on recent warming. Six species declined in total cover and another five declined in at least one life stage, whereas the drought‐ and fire‐intolerant Abies concolor increased by 30.7%. The largest declines were at lower elevations in drought‐tolerant, early‐seral species (Pinus lambertiana and Pinus ponderosa) and at higher elevations for the shade‐tolerant Abies magnifica var. shastensis and the regionally rare Abies lasiocarpa. Regionally rare (Picea engelmannii) and endemic (Picea breweriana) species had reductions in early life stages, portending future declines. Multivariate analyses revealed a high degree of inertia with a minor, but significant, shift in composition and a slight decrease in species turnover along the elevation gradient driven by the expansion of A. concolor. Our results indicate that most species are declining, especially at lower and mid‐elevations where fire exclusion has increased the cover of shade‐tolerant species and reduced the recruitment for fire‐adapted species. Collectively, declines in most species, insufficient upward movement to track warming, reductions in drought‐ and fire‐tolerant early‐seral species, and an increase in a single, shade‐tolerant species will leave these communities maladapted to projected climate scenarios and questions the potential for future climate refugia in this region.

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20th Century Retreat and Recent Drought Accelerated Extinction of Mountain Glaciers and Perennial Snowfields in the Trinity Alps, California

Cited by 8 publications

References 63 publications

Larval Life History of Coastal Tailed Frogs (Ascaphus truei) Across an Elevational Gradient in Northern California: Implications for a Changing Climate

Larval Life History of Coastal Tailed Frogs (Ascaphus truei) Across an Elevational Gradient in Northern California: Implications for a Changing Climate

Inventory of glaciers and perennial snowfields of the coterminous USA

The effects of a half century of warming and fire exclusion on montane forests of the Klamath Mountains, California, USA

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