2019 Novel coronavirus infection and gastrointestinal tract

Gao, Qin-Yan; Chen, Ying Xuan; Fang, Jing

doi:10.1111/1751-2980.12851

Cited by 365 publications

(379 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Major transmission routes are through close or direct contact with infected secretions or large aerosol droplets [23]. There is a growing concern over the possibility of the role of fecal-oral transmission in COVID 19 transmission [24,25]. The obvious logic behind this speculation is the fact that ACE-2 receptor protein is also found in abundance in the epithelia of intestinal lumen.…”

Section: Mode Of Transmissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

COVID-2019: update on epidemiology, disease spread and management

Sahu

Mishra

Lal

2020

Monaldi Arch Chest Dis

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With each passing day, more cases of Coronavirus disease (COVID-2019) are being detected and unfortunately the fear of novel corona virus 2019 (2019-nCoV) becoming a pandemic disease has come true. Constant efforts at individual, national, and international level are being made in order to understand the genomics, hosts, modes of transmission and epidemiological link of nCoV-2019. As of now, whole genome sequence of the newly discovered coronavirus has already been decoded. Genomic characterization nCoV-2019 have shown close homology with batderived severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-like coronaviruses, bat-SL-CoVZC45 and bat-SL-CoVZXC21. Structural analysis of the receptor binding site has confirmed that 2019-nCoV binds with the same ACE 2 receptor protein as human SARS virus. Compared to the previous coronavirus outbreaks, the overall mortality rate is relatively low for COVID-2019 (2-3%). Suspected cases must be quarantined till their test comes positive or they clear infection. At present, treatment of COVID-2019 is mostly based on the knowledge gained from the SARS and MERS outbreaks. Remdesivir, originally develop as a treatment for Ebola virus disease and Marburg virus infections, is being studied for its effectiveness against 2019-nCoV infection. Many other antiviral agents and vaccines are being tested but most of them are in phase I or II and hence unlikely to be of any benefit immediately with regards to current outbreak. Hence, the standard infection control techniques and preventive steps for healthy individuals and supportive care for the confirmed cases is the best available strategy to deal with current viral outbreak.

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Section: Mode Of Transmissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

COVID-2019: update on epidemiology, disease spread and management

Sahu

Mishra

Lal

2020

Monaldi Arch Chest Dis

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“…The ongoing global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 , caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has been a public health emergency of international concern (WHO, 2020). The reported symptoms of COVID-19 patients include cough, fever, difficulty in breathing and diarrhea, and SARS-CoV-2 ribonucleic acid (RNA) has been detected in faeces of not only symptomatic but also asymptomatic patients (Gao et al, 2020;Holshue et al, 2020;Jiehao et al, 2020;Tang et al, 2020;Wölfel et al, 2020;Zhang et al, 2020;Zhang et al, 2020). These clinical observations imply that municipal wastewater of affected communities might contain the virus.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

First confirmed detection of SARS-CoV-2 in untreated wastewater in Australia: A proof of concept for the wastewater surveillance of COVID-19 in the community

Ahmed

Angel

Edson

et al. 2020

Science of The Total Environment

1,503

1,693

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Journal Pre-proof J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f 2 ABSTRACT Infection with SARS-CoV-2, the etiologic agent of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, is accompanied by the shedding of the virus in stool. Therefore, the quantification of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater affords the ability to monitor the prevalence of infections amongst the population via wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE). In the current work, SARS-CoV-2 RNA was concentrated from wastewater in a catchment in Australia and viral RNA copies were enumerated using reverse transcriptase quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) resulting in two positive detections within a six day period from the same wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). The estimated RNA copy numbers observed in the wastewater were then used to estimate the number of infected individuals in the catchment via Monte Carlo simulation. Given the uncertainty and variation in the input parameters, the model estimated a median range of 171 to 1,090 infected persons in the catchment, which is in reasonable agreement with clinical observations. This work highlights the viability of WBE for monitoring infectious diseases, such as COVID-19, in communities. The work also draws attention to the need for further methodological and molecular assay validation for enveloped viruses in wastewater.Journal Pre-proof de Roda Husman, 2020;Medema et al., 2020;Wu et al., 2020). Here, we report the first evidence for the presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater in Australia. Our preliminary findings demonstrate the applicability of WBE for COVID-19 surveillance as a potential tool for public health monitoring at the community level. Journal Pre-proof conditions ranging from 3 × 20 s at 8,000 rpm at a 10 s interval. From here on RNA was extracted using RNeasy Power Microbiome kit as per manufacturer's instruction. Method B began with centrifugation of wastewater samples (100-200 mL) at 4,750 g for 30 mins. Supernatant was then removed carefully without disturbing the pellet and Journal Pre-proof 4 /reaction) of Oncorhynchus keta (O. keta) was added in the DNAse and RNAse free water and the Cq value obtained acted as a reference point. If the Cq value of a wastewater sample increases compared to the reference Cq value, the sample is considered to have PCR inhibitors. Wastewater samples with a 2-Cq (quantification cycle) delay was considered to have RT-qPCR inhibition (Staley et al., 2012). All RNA samples were Journal Pre-proof average quality of 15 (SLIDINGWINDOW:4:15). Reads were cropped to 120bp (CROP:120), with any less than 120bp in length discarded (MINLEN:120). Overlapping forward and reverse reads were merged using bbmerge from the BBMap suite (ver. 38.41, https://sourceforge.net/projects/bbmap/). Quality-controlled, merged reads were then mapped Journal Pre-proof describing it, through the model 10,000 times. For each estimate of infected persons, the corresponding prevalence was calculated by dividing the number of persons infected by the number of persons in the catchment. Sensitivity of the estimated number o...

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“…When first proposed for tracking of SARS-CoV-2, the prevailing scientific opinion was that the virus may be shed into wastewater at insufficiently high rates, and that both the virus itself and its RNA may be too labile to facilitate detection in wastewater. Recent reports of coronavirus shedding in human stool (Gao et al, 2020;Holshue et al, 2020;Jiehao et al, 2020;Tang et al, 2020;Wölfel et al, 2020;Zhang et al, 2020a;2020c;2020d;2020e) and three preliminary reports of successful SARS-CoV-2 detection in municipal wastewater from the Netherlands the United States and Australia have dispelled some of these concerns (Ahmed 2020, Lodder 2020, Medema et al 2020, Wu et al 2020). Yet, considerable uncertainty remains as to what information may be gleaned from monitoring for SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater and whether a WBE assay, once perfected and shown to be Journal Pre-proof J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f 5 reproducible across different laboratories, will be sensitive enough to inform public health responses.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Computational analysis of SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 surveillance by wastewater-based epidemiology locally and globally: Feasibility, economy, opportunities and challenges

Hart

Halden

2020

Science of The Total Environment

470

513

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Journal Pre-proof J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f 2 Abstract:With the economic and practical limits of medical screening for SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 coming sharply into focus worldwide, scientists are turning now to wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) as a potential tool for assessing and managing the pandemic. We employed computational analysis and modeling to examine the feasibility, economy, opportunities and challenges of enumerating active coronavirus infections locally and globally using WBE.Depending on local conditions, detection in community wastewater of one symptomatic/asymptomatic infected case per 100 to 2,000,000 non-infected people is theoretically feasible, with some practical successes now being reported from around the world. Computer simulations for past, present and emerging epidemic hotspots (e.g., Wuhan, Milan, Madrid, New York City, Teheran, Seattle, Detroit and New Orleans) identified temperature, average in-sewer travel time and per-capita water use as key variables. WBE surveillance of populations is shown to be orders of magnitude cheaper and faster than clinical screening, yet cannot fully replace it. Cost savings worldwide for one-time national surveillance campaigns are estimated to be in the million to billion US dollar range (US$), depending on a nation's population size and number of testing rounds conducted. For resource poor regions and nations, WBE may represent the only viable means of effective surveillance. Important limitations of WBE rest with its inability to identify individuals and to pinpoint their specific locations. Not compensating for temperature effects renders WBE data vulnerable to severe under-/overestimation of infected cases. Effective surveillance may be envisioned as a two-step process in which WBE serves to identify and enumerate infected cases, where after clinical testing then serves to identify infected individuals in WBE-revealed hotspots. Data provided here demonstrate this approach to save money, be broadly applicable worldwide, and potentially aid Journal Pre-proof J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f 3 in precision management of the pandemic, thereby helping to accelerate the global economic recovery that billions of people rely upon for their livelihoods.

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2019 Novel coronavirus infection and gastrointestinal tract

Cited by 365 publications

References 8 publications

COVID-2019: update on epidemiology, disease spread and management

COVID-2019: update on epidemiology, disease spread and management

First confirmed detection of SARS-CoV-2 in untreated wastewater in Australia: A proof of concept for the wastewater surveillance of COVID-19 in the community

Computational analysis of SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 surveillance by wastewater-based epidemiology locally and globally: Feasibility, economy, opportunities and challenges

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