2018 Survey of factors associated with antimicrobial drug use and stewardship practices in adult cows on conventional California dairies: immediate post-Senate Bill 27 impact

Ekong, Pius S.; Abdelfattah, Essam M.; Okello, Emmanuel; Williams, D. E.; Lehenbauer, Terry W.; Karle, Betsy M.; Rowe, Joan D; Aly, Sharif S.

doi:10.7717/peerj.11596

Cited by 7 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Our results showed that dairy producers who reported tracking both milk and meat withdrawal intervals during AMD treatment or those who reported having a VCPR were more familiar with the FDA’s term “MIADs” than those who did not report. These findings agree with findings from the survey conducted the year SB 27 was implemented [ 15 ]. However, our survey showed that 34.2% of the dairy respondents were not familiar with or not sure how the FDA’s term “MIADs” related to their dairies.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…Our machine learning models also showed that the majority (84%) of the large dairy producers were classified as producers with “good to excellent” AMS knowledge compared with producers of small dairies. Similarly, the survey by Ekong et al [ 15 ] found that large dairies producers were more familiar with MIADs, reported a greater use of alternatives to AMD, and reported better animal health compared to small dairy producers after implementation of SB 27.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…The use of preventive alternatives to AMD may have filled the gap in the decreased use of OTC MIADs; however, it is not known whether the increased use of alternatives preceded or followed the decrease in the use of AMD previously available OTC. Similarly, Ekong et al [ 15 ] found that producers of large dairies and producers who began using AMD alternatives had higher odds for reporting a decreased use of MIADs that were previously available OTC compared to producers of small dairies or producers who did not use alternatives to AMD.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ekong et al [ 15 ] conducted a survey immediately after the implementation of SB 27 to identify the factors associated with the adoption of AMS practices in CA conventional dairies. Amongst the survey findings were that dairy producers who reported keeping written or computerized animal health protocols, keeping a drug inventory log, being aware that the use of MIADs required a prescription, involving a veterinarian in the AMD treatment duration and determination, and using on-farm diagnostics to guide AMD therapy were associated with good AMS practices.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Factors Associated with Antimicrobial Stewardship Practices on California Dairies: One Year Post Senate Bill 27

et al. 2022

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Background: The current study is aimed at identifying the factors associated with antimicrobial drug (AMD) use and stewardship practices on conventional California (CA) dairies a year after CA Senate Bill 27. Methods: Responses from 113 out of 1282 dairies mailed a questionnaire in 2019 were analyzed to estimate the associations between management practices and six outcomes including producer familiarity with medically important antimicrobial drugs (MIADs), restricted use of MIADs previously available over the counter (OTC), use of alternatives to AMD, changes in on-farm management practices, changes in AMD costs, and animal health status in dairies. Results: Producers who reported having a veterinarian–client–patient relationship (VCPR) and tracking AMD withdrawal intervals had greater odds of being familiar with the MIADs. Producers who began or increased the use of preventive alternatives to AMD in 2019 had higher odds (OR = 3.23, p = 0.04) of decreased use of MIADs previously available OTC compared to those who did not. Changes in management practices to prevent disease outbreak and the use of diagnostics to guide treatment were associated with producer-reported improved animal health. In addition, our study identified record keeping (associated with familiarity with MIADs), use of alternatives to AMD (associated with management changes to prevent diseases and decreased AMD costs), and use of diagnostics in treatment decisions (associated with reported better animal health) as factors associated with AMD stewardship. Conclusions: Our survey findings can be incorporated in outreach education materials to promote antimicrobial stewardship practices in dairies.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Factors Associated with Antimicrobial Stewardship Practices on California Dairies: One Year Post Senate Bill 27

et al. 2022

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“…The objective of the survey was to characterize antimicrobial stewardship practices, AMD use, and health management of adult cows on CA dairies since the implementation of the VFD and SB 27. The associations between the management practices on conventional dairies and key antimicrobial stewardship and health outcomes are described elsewhere (Ekong et al, 2021).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

2018 Survey of antimicrobial drug use and stewardship practices in adult cows on California dairies: post-Senate Bill 27

Ekong

Abdelfattah

Okello

et al. 2021

PeerJ

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Background A survey of California (CA) dairies was performed in spring 2018 to characterize antimicrobial stewardship practices, antimicrobial drug (AMD) use, and health management of adult cows on CA dairies since the implementation of the Veterinary Feed Directive (VFD) and the CA Senate Bill 27 (SB 27). Effective January 1, 2017, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) implemented regulatory changes requiring veterinary oversight for therapeutic uses of medically-important antimicrobial drugs (MIADs) administered in feed (VFD) and water (veterinary prescription). Similarly, effective January 1, 2018, the CA legislature enacted California Food and Agricultural Code (FAC) 14400–14408, formerly known as Senate Bill 27 (SB 27) requiring veterinary prescriptions for all other dosage forms of MIADs. Methods The questionnaire consisted of 43 questions partitioned into three sections to assess herd information, management practices, and AMD use and perspectives. The questionnaire was mailed to 1,282 grade A licensed dairies in CA and 149 responses (11.6%) were collected from 19 counties across the three defined regions of CA: Northern CA (NCA), Northern San Joaquin Valley (NSJV), and Greater Southern CA (GSCA). Results Most dairies reported treating all dry cows with intramammary AMD and/or teat sealant at the end of a lactation (87.2%). In 92.3% of dairies, producers relied on the veterinarian for information about AMD used to treat cows. Treatment duration for cows treated with AMD was based on the drug manufacturer’s label and veterinarian’s instructions in most dairies (98.6%). Most respondents to the survey confirmed having a valid veterinarian-client-patient-relationship (VCPR) for their dairies (91.7%), participated in animal welfare audit programs (81.8%) and dairy quality assurance programs (52.9%). Approximately 98.6% respondents were aware that all uses of MIADs in livestock required a veterinary feed directive (VFD) or prescription and are no longer sold over-the-counter (OTC) in CA since January 1, 2018. Multiple factor analysis (MFA) was performed and identified seven components composed of 21 variables (questions) that explained 99.7% of the total variance in the data. Hierarchical cluster analysis on the principal coordinates of the MFA based on conventional dairy survey responses identified two clusters characterized as large conventional dairies (median herd size: 1,265 cows) and mid-sized conventional dairies (median herd size: 715 cows) mostly in GSCA and NSJV. The organic dairies grouped into a single cluster of median herd size of 325 cows mostly in NCA. Conclusions The survey results contribute to the knowledge of AMD use and antimicrobial stewardship practices on CA dairies since the implementation of the SB 27 and VFD laws and provide useful information for future evaluation of resistance-related risk in adult cows.

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Acquisition and use of analgesic drugs by horse owners in the United States

Sellon

Sanz

Kopper

2022

Equine Veterinary Journal

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Background: Little is known about the acquisition and use of equine analgesic drugs by horse owners in the United States (US). Objectives: To determine factors associated with possession of analgesic drugs by horse owners in the US or with analgesic drug acquisition from sources noncompliant with a valid veterinarian-client-patient (VCPR) relationship. Study design: Cross-sectional survey. Methods: An internet-based questionnaire included items related to experiences with horses and equine analgesic drugs. Factors associated with possession of ≥5 types of analgesic drugs and with the acquisition of drugs from VCPR noncompliant sources were analysed using logistic regression. Results: Responses from 389 US horse owners indicated that 96% have access to at least one type of equine analgesic medication and most are confident in their drug administration skills. Horse owners with ≥5 types of analgesic drugs were more likely to have managed >20 horses in their life (odds ratio [OR] = 3.1, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.7-5.6), have medical insurance for some horses (OR = 4.2, CI = 2.3-7.7), and have veterinary or human medical training (OR = 2.2, CI = 1.2-4.1) and were less likely to have a primary care veterinarian requiring >30 minutes travel time (OR = 0.5, CI = 0.3-0.9). Horse owners who obtained drugs through VCPR noncompliant sources were likely to be male (OR = 5.6, CI = 1.6-19.4), ≤40 years of age (OR = 2.0, CI = 1.2-3.2), and reside in the South or West regions of the US (OR = 2.4, CI = 1.4-4.0). Main limitations: Possible distribution, self-selection, response, and recall biases as a result of convenience sampling methodology. Conclusions: Discussion between veterinarians and horse owners regarding available analgesic drugs and owners' competence in administering those drugs may improve veterinary care recommendations and owner compliance.

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2018 Survey of factors associated with antimicrobial drug use and stewardship practices in adult cows on conventional California dairies: immediate post-Senate Bill 27 impact

Cited by 7 publications

References 35 publications

Factors Associated with Antimicrobial Stewardship Practices on California Dairies: One Year Post Senate Bill 27

Factors Associated with Antimicrobial Stewardship Practices on California Dairies: One Year Post Senate Bill 27

2018 Survey of antimicrobial drug use and stewardship practices in adult cows on California dairies: post-Senate Bill 27

Acquisition and use of analgesic drugs by horse owners in the United States

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