2018–2022 Southern Resident killer whale presence in the Salish Sea: continued shifts in habitat usage

Abstract

The fish-eating Southern Resident killer whales (Orcinus orca) of the northeastern Pacific are listed as Endangered in both the USA and Canada. The inland waters of Washington State and British Columbia, a region known as the Salish Sea, are designated as Southern Resident critical habitat by both countries. The whales have historically had regular monthly presence in the Salish Sea, with peak abundance occurring from May through September. In recent years, at least partially in response to shifting prey abundance, habitat usage by the Southern Residents has changed. As conservation measures aim to provide the best possible protection for the whales in their hopeful recovery, it is key that policies are based both on historic trends and current data. To this aim, our study shares 2018–2022 daily occurrence data to build upon and compare to previously published whale presence numbers and to demonstrate more recent habitat shifts. Based on reports from an extensive network of community scientists as well as online streaming hydrophones, every Southern Resident occurrence was confirmed either visually or acoustically. Documented here are the first-ever total absence of the Southern Residents in the Salish Sea in the months of May, June, and August, as well as their continued overall declining presence in the spring and summer, while fall and winter presence remains relatively high. It is key that management efforts consider these shifting presence patterns when setting both seasonal and regional protection measures aimed at supporting population recovery.

Coastal Marine Mammal conservation using thermal imaging-based detection systems

“…Bigg’s whales encountered in the Salish Sea often travel in groups of three to five animals when foraging, but sometimes also form larger social groups (Baird and Dill, 1996; Baird and Whitehead, 2000). Resident killer whales (RKW) also venture into waters over the continental shelf but can be found fairly regularly in inland waters including channels, fjords, and bays which are common in the Salish Sea (Ford et al ., 2017; Shields, 2023). RKW live in stable family groups consisting of a female and all her female and male offspring and these groups can comprise up to four generations.…”