2016 European Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice

Abstract

The content of these European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Guidelines has been published for personal and educational use only. No commercial use is authorized. No part of the ESC Guidelines may be translated or reproduced in any form without written permission from the ESC. Permission can be obtained upon submission of a written request to Oxford University Press, the publisher of the European Heart Journal and the party authorized to handle such permissions on behalf of the ESC. Disclaimer. The ESC Guidelines represent the views of the ESC and were produced after careful consideration of the scientific and medical knowledge and the evidence available at the time of their publication. The ESC is not responsible in the event of any contradiction, discrepancy and/or ambiguity between the ESC Guidelines and any other official recommendations or guidelines issued by the relevant public health authorities, in particular in relation to good use of healthcare or therapeutic strategies. Health professionals are encouraged to take the ESC Guidelines fully into account when exercising their clinical judgment, as well as in the determination and the implementation of preventive, diagnostic or therapeutic medical strategies; however, the ESC Guidelines do not override, in any way whatsoever, the individual responsibility of health professionals to make appropriate and accurate decisions in consideration of each patient's health condition and in consultation with that patient and, where appropriate and/or necessary, the patient's caregiver. Nor do the ESC Guidelines exempt health professionals from taking into full and careful consideration the relevant official updated recommendations or guidelines issued by the competent public health authorities, in order to manage each patient's case in light of the scientifically accepted data pursuant to their respective ethical and professional obligations. It is also the health professional's responsibility to verify the applicable rules and regulations relating to drugs and medical devices at the time of prescription.

Prediction of Cardiovascular Disease by the Framingham‐REGICOR Equation in the High‐Risk PREDIMED Cohort: Impact of the Mediterranean Diet Across Different Risk Strata

“…In this study, the recommended strategies to evaluate cardiovascular risk1, 2 classified two‐thirds of participants from an a priori–defined high‐risk Mediterranean cohort as non–high risk. The cohort was selected based on participant age (55–74 years) and high prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors (82% hypertension, 74% dyslipidemia, and 48% with type 2 diabetes mellitus).…”

“…The flowchart of study participants is shown in Figure 1. Cardiovascular risk was also estimated with the stepped approach suggested in the European guidelines for persons aged <65 years, the age limit defined in this strategy 1. According to these guidelines, participants with diabetes mellitus with ≥1 risk factor, microalbuminuria, or chronic renal failure with an estimated glomerular filtration rate ≤30 mL/min were classified as very high‐risk (n=1162), and those with diabetes mellitus without other cardiovascular risk factors or microalbuminuria, an estimated glomerular filtration rate between 30 and 60 mL/min, or ≥1 markedly elevated conventional risk factor (total cholesterol >8 mmol/L [300 mg/dL], systolic blood pressure ≥180 mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure ≥110 mm Hg) were defined as high risk (n=479) (Figure S1).…”

“…The current approach for cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention uses risk estimation based on traditional cardiovascular risk factors to tailor intervention accordingly 1, 2. There are different risk assessment models depending on the geographical area and the baseline risk of the selected population 3.…”

Impact of cardiac rehabilitation and exercise training programs in coronary heart disease

“…To maximize the benefits of ET in CHD, Hellerstein and Ford pioneered the multi-disciplinary form of CR that is widely used today. 23 6 Most CR programs have three phases: inpatient enrollment, a supervised outpatient program, and individual maintenance. The goal is to combine education, ongoing medical management, dietary modifications, lifestyle changes and structured ET to optimize recovery and decrease subsequent CVD morbidity and mortality.…”

Life Course Trajectories of Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Women With and Without Hypertensive Disorders in First Pregnancy: The HUNT Study in Norway

“…HDP may reveal a phenotype predisposed to CVD, and may therefore be used to identify women who would benefit from early screening and preventive efforts. A history of HDP has been included as a cardiovascular risk factor in CVD prevention guidelines in the United States since 20114 and in Europe since 2016 5. Yet there is little evidence and no consensus on how to tailor CVD screening and prevention in women with a history of HDP.…”