2014 Service Academy Gender Relations Survey: Overview Report

Cook, P. J. L.; Winkle, Elizabeth P Van; Namrow, Natalie; Hurley, Maia; Pflieger, J; Davis, Linda; Rock, Letnie; Faulk, E; Schneider, Jeffrey M.

doi:10.21236/ada612147

Cited by 4 publications

(13 citation statements)

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“…Among females, reported rates of stalking range from 8% to 19% during a lifetime among civilians (Black & Merrick, 2013; Menard & Cox, 2016; Smith et al, 2018), 1% to 11% among active-duty members while serving in the military (Black & Merrick, 2013; Cook et al, 2015), and 35% among veterans during a lifetime (Dardis, Amoroso, & Iverson, 2017). Among males, rates of stalking range from 2% to 6% among civilians during a lifetime, 1% to 2% among active-duty members while serving in the military, and 4% of veterans while serving in the military and 15% during a lifetime, highlighting males are less likely to report stalking than their female counterparts (Clancy et al, 2006; Cook et al, 2015; Smith et al, 2018). There is evidence that the reported rate of stalking during military service among male veterans (Clancy et al, 2006) is double that of male active-duty service members (Cook et al, 2015).…”

Section: Defining Stalkingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Among males, rates of stalking range from 2% to 6% among civilians during a lifetime, 1% to 2% among active-duty members while serving in the military, and 4% of veterans while serving in the military and 15% during a lifetime, highlighting males are less likely to report stalking than their female counterparts (Clancy et al, 2006; Cook et al, 2015; Smith et al, 2018). There is evidence that the reported rate of stalking during military service among male veterans (Clancy et al, 2006) is double that of male active-duty service members (Cook et al, 2015). These discrepancies may indicate that while active-duty service members experience stalking, it is underreported.…”

Section: Defining Stalkingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The literature on stalking in military populations has focused on rates of (a) stalking experiences among individuals attending military academies (Cook et al, 2015), (b) intimate partner stalking among female veterans and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD; Dardis, Amoroso, & Iverson, 2017; Dardis, Shipherd, & Iverson, 2017), and (c) stalking experiences among male veterans (Clancy et al, 2006). Among active-duty members, 1% to 9% of females and 1% to 2% of males at military academies report having experienced stalking (Cook et al, 2015). In a study of female veterans, the presence of IPV-related stalking was significantly associated with PTSD (Dardis, Amoroso, & Iverson, 2017).…”

Section: Defining Stalkingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An Examination of Stalking Experiences During Military Service Among Female and Male Veterans and Associations With PTSD and Depression

Lucas

Cederbaum

Kintzle

et al. 2019

J Interpers Violence

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Stalking is associated with mental health concerns, although little is known about the influence of stalking and mental health concerns among veterans. This study evaluated stalking experienced during military service in two community-based, nonclinical samples of veterans ( N = 1,980). Models explored (a) types of stalking, (b) characteristics of veterans who experienced stalking, and (c) the associations between stalking with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression. Types of stalking varied by sex; female veterans were significantly more likely to experience stalking than male veterans (58.5% vs. 34.6%, p < .001, respectively). Female veterans reported unwanted messages, emails, or phone calls (37.2%), and male veterans experienced someone showing up unannounced or uninvited (23.5%) most frequently. Stalking experiences also differed by age with female and male veterans 18 to 39 years old significantly more likely to have experienced stalking ( p < .001 and p < .001, respectively) than veterans over age 40. Associations between prior stalking experiences and mental distress were found for both female and male veterans. Both female and male veterans who experienced stalking were significantly more likely to have probable PTSD (odds ratio [OR] = 1.88, 95% confidence interval [CI] = [1.04, 3.39] and OR = 3.08, 95% CI = [2.27, 4.18], respectively) and depression (OR = 2.54, 95% CI = [1.38, 4.58] and OR = 2.78, 95% CI = [2.05, 3.79], respectively). These findings highlight (a) the rates of stalking experienced during military service, (b) the need for assessment of stalking to inform treatment, and (c) lay the foundation for the Department of Defense (DoD) to further evaluate stalking among military populations.

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Section: Defining Stalkingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Defining Stalkingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Defining Stalkingmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

An Examination of Stalking Experiences During Military Service Among Female and Male Veterans and Associations With PTSD and Depression

Lucas

Cederbaum

Kintzle

et al. 2019

J Interpers Violence

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Among Workplace and Gender Relations surveys, only one study reported data for the Coast Guard (Office of People Analytics, 2019 ), while the others did not include Coast Guard SMs. Other articles ( n = 11; 32%) focused only on military service academy students (Cook et al, 2005 , 2015 ; Cook & Lipari, 2008 , 2010 ; Davis et al, 2019 , 2023 ; Defense Manpower Data Center, 2012 ; Klahr & Davis, 2019 ; Lipari & Cook, 2006 ; Van Winkle et al, 2017 ; Wright, 2013 ). Cunningham examined only male-on-male penetrative MSAs (Cunningham, 2021 ), while articles by Sadler and colleagues ( n = 3; 9%) sampled female veterans (Sadler, 1996 ; Sadler et al, 1997 , 2003 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alcohol-involved sexual assault in the US military: a scoping review

Miggantz,

Orchowski,

Beltran

et al. 2023

European Journal of Psychotraumatology

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Background: Sexual assault and alcohol use are significant public health concerns, including for the United States (US) military. Although alcohol is a risk factor for military sexual assault (MSA), research on the extent of alcohol-involvement in MSAs has not been synthesised. Objective: Accordingly, this scoping review is a preliminary step in evaluating the existing literature on alcohol-involved MSAs among US service members and veterans, with the goals of quantifying the prevalence of alcohol-involved MSA, examining differences in victim versus perpetrator alcohol consumption, and identifying additional knowledge gaps. Method: In accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines for Scoping Reviews, articles in this review were written in English, published in 1996 or later, reported statistics regarding alcohol-involved MSA, and included samples of US service members or veterans who experienced MSA during military service. Results: A total of 34 of 2436 articles identified met inclusion criteria. Studies often measured alcohol and drug use together. Rates of reported MSAs that involved the use of alcohol or alcohol/drugs ranged from 14% to 66.1% ( M = 36.94%; Mdn = 37%) among servicemen and from 0% to 83% ( M = 40.27%; Mdn = 41%) among servicewomen. Alcohol use was frequently reported in MSAs, and there is a dearth of information on critical event-level characteristics of alcohol-involved MSA. Additionally, studies used different definitions and measures of MSA and alcohol use, complicating comparisons across studies. Conclusion: The lack of event-level data, and inconsistencies in definitions, measures, and sexual assault timeframes across articles demonstrates that future research and data collection efforts require more event-level detail and consistent methodology to better understand the intersection of alcohol and MSA, which will ultimately inform MSA prevention and intervention efforts.

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“…After more than two decades of reform efforts, rates of rape in the three military service academies are very similar to those of the military in general: 2.3% of women and 0.3% of men reported at least one instance of ‘completed unwanted sex’ during 2014; the majority (61% of female victims and 66% of males) were attacked by a fellow student in the same class year (Cook et al, 2015: vi–x).…”

Section: Accounting For the Persistence Of Msamentioning

confidence: 91%

The persistence of sexual assault within the US military

Wood

Toppelberg

2017

Journal of Peace Research

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What accounts for the puzzling persistence of sexual assault of both women and men within the ranks of the US military? Despite increasing efforts to end this intraforce violence, sexual assault of women persists at levels comparable to those in the civilian population and significantly higher than that of other crimes (data challenges prevent comparing rates for men). Drawing on recent analysis of rape as a practice rather than a strategy of war, we suggest the answer lies in the socialization not only of recruits but also of officers. We draw on an original typology of socialization processes and analysis of four well-documented cases to suggest the following account of why sexual assault persists. First, informal socialization processes (including sexualized hazing) trivialize sexual harassment and assault, establish assault as an appropriate form of punishment (including of those transgressing military gender norms), and license retaliation against victims who report. Second, officers sometimes sexually harass and assault subordinates, thereby endorsing similar acts by servicemembers under their command. Third, formal socialization processes of enlisted men and women, despite recent reforms, continue to reproduce a masculinity that undermines policies that seek to prevent sexual assault, in part because it fails to override these unauthorized and illegal socialization processes. Finally, the socialization of officers, combined with problematic incentive structures, undercuts efforts to end the de facto tolerance of sexual abuse by many officers. In our emphasis on horizontal as well as top-down socialization processes, and on those that subvert official policies as well as those that seek to inculcate them, we also contribute to scholarly understanding of socialization within organizations more generally.

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2014 Service Academy Gender Relations Survey: Overview Report

Cited by 4 publications

References 0 publications

An Examination of Stalking Experiences During Military Service Among Female and Male Veterans and Associations With PTSD and Depression

An Examination of Stalking Experiences During Military Service Among Female and Male Veterans and Associations With PTSD and Depression

Alcohol-involved sexual assault in the US military: a scoping review

The persistence of sexual assault within the US military

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