2012 European guideline for the management of pelvic inflammatory disease

Ross, Jonathan; Judlin, P; Jensen, Jørgen Skov

doi:10.1177/0956462413498714

Cited by 32 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 25 publications

(60 reference statements)

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“…Some epidemiology studies have reported that previous use of barrier methods, including condoms, can reduce the risk of EP [21] , [22] because of their protective effects against sexually transmitted infections, including Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhea , which are high-risk factors for EP [23] – [25] . In our study, however, previous condom use did not significantly decrease the risk of EP.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contraceptive Use and the Risk of Ectopic Pregnancy: A Multi-Center Case-Control Study

Zhao

Meng

et al. 2014

PLoS ONE

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ObjectiveTo evaluate the association between the risk of ectopic pregnancy (EP) and the use of common contraceptives during the previous and current conception/menstrual cycle.MethodsA multi-center case-control study was conducted in Shanghai. Women diagnosed with EP were recruited as the case group (n = 2,411). Women with intrauterine pregnancy (IUP) (n = 2,416) and non-pregnant women (n = 2,419) were matched as controls at a ratio of 1∶1. Information regarding the previous and current use of contraceptives was collected. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and the corresponding 95% confidential intervals (CIs).ResultsPrevious use of intrauterine devices (IUDs) was associated with a slight risk of ectopic pregnancy (AOR1 = 1.87 [95% CI: 1.48–2.37]; AOR2 = 1.84 [1.49–2.27]), and the risk increased with the duration of previous use (P1 for trend <10−4, P2 for trend <10−4). The current use of most contraceptives reduced the risk of both unwanted IUP (condom: AOR = 0.04 [0.03–0.05]; withdrawal method: AOR = 0.10 [0.07–0.13]; calendar rhythm method: AOR = 0.54 [0.40–0.73]; oral contraceptive pills [OCPs]: AOR = 0.03 [0.02–0.08]; levonorgestrel emergency contraception [LNG-EC]: AOR = 0.22 [0.16–0.30]; IUDs: AOR = 0.01 [0.005–0.012]; tubal sterilization: AOR = 0.01 [0.001–0.022]) and unwanted EP (condom: AOR1 = 0.05 [0.04–0.06]; withdrawal method: AOR1 = 0.13 [0.09–0.19]; calendar rhythm method: AOR1 = 0.66 [0.48–0.91]; OCPs: AOR1 = 0.14 [0.07–0.26]; IUDs: AOR1 = 0.17 [0.13–0.22]; tubal sterilization: AOR1 = 0.04 [0.02–0.08]). However, when contraception failed and pregnancy occurred, current use of OCPs (AOR2 = 4.06 [1.64–10.07]), LNG-EC (AOR2 = 4.87 [3.88–6.10]), IUDs (AOR2 = 21.08 [13.44–33.07]), and tubal sterilization (AOR2 = 7.68 [1.69–34.80]) increased the risk of EP compared with the non-use of contraceptives.ConclusionCurrent use of most contraceptives reduce the risk of both IUP and EP. However, if the contraceptive method fails, the proportions of EP may be higher than those of non-users. In the case of contraceptive failure in the current cycle, EP cases should be differentiated according to current use of OCPs, LNG-EC, IUDs, and tubal sterilization. In addition, attention should be paid to women with previous long-term use of IUDs.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contraceptive Use and the Risk of Ectopic Pregnancy: A Multi-Center Case-Control Study

Zhao

Meng

et al. 2014

PLoS ONE

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“…The focus of PID prevention strategies has centered on STIs, particularly C. trachomatis infection but also Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection and more recently Mycoplasma genitalium infection [ 3 , 31 , 32 ]. However, in the United Kingdom, gonorrhea is an uncommon cause [ 33 ], and an unknown but probably small proportion is caused by M. genitalium [ 3 , 31 , 32 , 34 ]. If C. trachomatis is responsible for 20% of PID cases, then non-STI causes deserve more attention in PID prevention.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Proportion of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Cases Caused byChlamydia trachomatis: Consistent Picture From Different Methods

et al. 2016

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Background. Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is a leading cause of both tubal factor infertility and ectopic pregnancy. Chlamydia trachomatis is an important risk factor for PID, but the proportion of PID cases caused by C. trachomatis is unclear. Estimates of this are required to evaluate control measures.Methods. We consider 5 separate methods of estimating age-group-specific population excess fractions (PEFs) of PID due to C. trachomatis, using routine data, surveys, case-control studies, and randomized controlled trials, and apply these to data from the United Kingdom before introduction of the National Chlamydia Screening Programme.Results. As they are informed by randomized comparisons and national exposure and outcome estimates, our preferred estimates of the proportion of PID cases caused by C. trachomatis are 35% (95% credible interval [CrI], 11%–69%) in women aged 16–24 years and 20% (95% CrI, 6%–38%) in women aged 16–44 years in the United Kingdom. There is a fair degree of consistency between adjusted estimates of PEF, but all have wide 95% CrIs. The PEF decreases from 53.5% (95% CrI, 15.6%–100%) in women aged 16–19 years to 11.5% (95% CrI, 3.0%–25.7%) in women aged 35–44 years.Conclusions. The PEFs of PID due to C. trachomatis decline steeply with age by a factor of around 5-fold between younger and older women. Further studies of the etiology of PID in different age groups are required.

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“…Humulus japonicus (HJ), belonging to the Cannabaceae family is a perennial herb that commonly grows in Korea and China and is imported for ornamental purposes in Western countries 6 . Previous studies have indicated that the extract of HJ possesses potential anti-aging properties via antioxidative 6 , antitumor 7 - 9 , antituberculosis 9 and antibacterial effects 10 , 11 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anti-inflammatory Effects of the Natural Compounds Cortex Phellodendri and Humulus japonicus on Pelvic Inflammatory Disease in Mice

Kwon

Jung

2017

Int. J. Med. Sci.

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Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is an inflammatory and/or infectious disorder of the upper female genital tract, including the uterus, fallopian tubes, and adjacent pelvic structures, that may spread upward to the peritoneum. Currently available treatment options have presented to produce adverse effects of various degrees, such as increased antimicrobial resistance and a limited effective duration of hormones. In the study, the Cortex Phellodendri (CP) and Humulus japonicus (HJ) among natural compounds that are believed to present biological activities with fewer side effects were tested in a PID animal model. The results suggested that the administration CP and HJ reduced clinical signs, inflammatory cytokine expression as well as secretion in uterine tissue, and neutrophil infiltration into the tissue.

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2012 European guideline for the management of pelvic inflammatory disease

Abstract: This guideline was produced by the European region of the International Union against sexually transmitted infections (IUSTI) and refers to ascending infections in the female genital tract unrelated to delivery and surgery and does not include actinomyces-related infection.

Cited by 32 publications

References 25 publications

Contraceptive Use and the Risk of Ectopic Pregnancy: A Multi-Center Case-Control Study

Contraceptive Use and the Risk of Ectopic Pregnancy: A Multi-Center Case-Control Study

Proportion of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Cases Caused byChlamydia trachomatis: Consistent Picture From Different Methods

Anti-inflammatory Effects of the Natural Compounds Cortex Phellodendri and Humulus japonicus on Pelvic Inflammatory Disease in Mice

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