2011 Trendspotting for the Next Decade

Smith, Jack

doi:10.1108/14636681011020218

Cited by 36 publications

(46 citation statements)

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“…In this microstructure, ferrite is a carbon-poor phase which is in a body-centered cubic form of iron with a maximum carbon solubility of 0.02 wt. % at 723 °C and 0.001% at 0 °C [25]; pearlite is a lamellar two-phase microstructural constituent with alternating layers of ferrite and cementite [26,27], which is a carbonrich phase with an orthorhombic unit containing 12 iron atoms and four carbon atoms having a formula of Fe3C as well as 6.67% carbon by weight [28]. With the increase of carbon content in steel sample, the volume fraction of ferrite will decrease but the volume fraction of cementite will increase which in turn further increases the volume fraction of pearlite [29].…”

Section: Characterisation For the Carburization Effect Of Metallized mentioning

confidence: 99%

Sustainable Steel Carburization by Using Snack Packaging Plastic Waste as Carbon Resources

Yin

Rajarao

Pahlevani

et al. 2018

Metals

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Abstract:In recent years, the research regarding waste conversion to resources technology has attracted growing attention with the continued increase of waste accumulation issues and rapid depletion of natural resources. However, the study, with respect to utilizing plastics waste as carbon resources in the metals industry, is still limited. In this work, an environmentally friendly approach to utilize snack packaging plastic waste as a valuable carbon resources for steel carburization is investigated. At high temperature, plastic waste could be subject to pyrolytic gasification and decompose into small molecular hydrocarbon gaseous products which have the potential to be used as carburization agents for steel. When heating some snack packaging plastic waste and a steel sample together at the carburization temperature, a considerable amount of carbon-rich reducing gases, like methane, could be liberated from the plastic waste and absorbed by the steel sample as a carbon precursor for carburization. The resulting carburization effect on steel was investigated by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, electron probe microanalyzer, and X-ray photoelectron spectrometer techniques. These investigation results all showed that snack packaging plastic waste could work effectively as a valuable carbon resource for steel carburization leading to a significant increase of surface carbon content and the corresponding microstructure evolution in steel.

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Section: Characterisation For the Carburization Effect Of Metallized mentioning

confidence: 99%

Sustainable Steel Carburization by Using Snack Packaging Plastic Waste as Carbon Resources

Yin

Rajarao

Pahlevani

et al. 2018

Metals

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“…The first-order image positions and sizes provide a convenient reference from which to measure departures from perfection. In addition, the paraxial expressions are linear and are much easier to use than the trigonometrical equations [18]. Figure 1 represents arbitrarily chosen matrix characteristics on the upper half-plane on the page tangent to and symbolic of a surface (vertex O) where the refraction of rays is thought to take place.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Paraxial Ocular Measurements and Entries in Spectral and Modal Matrices: Analogy and Application

Abelman

2014

Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine

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Lensometers and keratometers yield powers along perpendicular meridians even if the principal meridians of the lens and the cornea are oblique. From each such instrument, multiple raw data represented on optical crosses require conversion to determine elementary statistics. Calculations for research decisions need to be authentic. Principles common to meridians generalize formulaic methods for oblique meridians. Like a lens or a cornea, matrix latent quantities are represented on a matrix cross. Our problem is to determine the matrix whose cross represents quantities on the optical cross. All measurements on an optical cross that include corneal and lens powers and oblique meridians can be considered. Once determined, a portfolio of matrix calculations applies and is justified for ophthalmic calculation. Matrices can be unique and, like a cornea before it is measured, contain latent observations. Asymmetric power component matrices quantify a deviation of a corneal surface from smoothness and toricity. Entries may identify those measurements causing irregular astigmatism that may stem from surgical or other external intervention. Irregular astigmatism is detected primarily from significant measurements in the paraxial range. Measurements are assimilated with matrix factors in a holistic way in order to support choices with calculations and statistics.

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“…Suppose the lens has no aberration, so the resolution of the lens is limited by diffraction. The limiting resolution can be expressed by [24,25]:…”

Section: Micromachines 2015 6mentioning

confidence: 99%

Tunable Focus Liquid Lens with Radial-Patterned Electrode

Wang

Ren

2015

Micromachines

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A dielectric liquid lens is prepared based on our previous work. By optimizing the device structure, the liquid lens presents a converging focus with good resolution and changes its focal length over a broad range with a low driving voltage. For a liquid lens with "2.3 mm diameter in the relaxed state, it can resolve "40 lp/mm. The resolution does not degrade during focus change. Its focal length can be varied from "12 to "5 mm when the applied voltage is changed from 0 to 28 V rms . The response time of one cycle is "2.5 s. Our liquid lens, with a low driving voltage for a large dynamic range, has potential applications in imaging, biometrics, optoelectronic, and lab-on-chip devices.

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2011 Trendspotting for the Next Decade

Cited by 36 publications

References 0 publications

Sustainable Steel Carburization by Using Snack Packaging Plastic Waste as Carbon Resources

Sustainable Steel Carburization by Using Snack Packaging Plastic Waste as Carbon Resources

Paraxial Ocular Measurements and Entries in Spectral and Modal Matrices: Analogy and Application

Tunable Focus Liquid Lens with Radial-Patterned Electrode

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