“…Moreover, an early cross-cultural study of self-reported depressive symptoms established that somatic presentation of depressive affect was highly common across cultures, but especially so in collectivistic cultures (Simon, VonKorff, Piccinelli, Fullerton, & Ormel, 1999). Maintaining group harmony is a central goal in collectivistic cultures, and open expression of negative emotions is a threat to that harmony (Hook, Worthington, & Utsey, 2009; Jongwoo et al, 2004). Zaroff, Davis, Chio, and Madhavan (2012) argued that, due to their need to maintain group harmony, individuals from collectivistic cultures were more likely to report somatic symptoms of depression than psychological symptoms.…”