2′-<i>O</i>-methylation stabilizes Piwi-associated small RNAs and ensures DNA elimination in <i>Tetrahymena</i>

Kurth, Henriette; Mochizuki, Kazufumi

doi:10.1261/rna.1455509

Cited by 145 publications

(168 citation statements)

References 57 publications

(94 reference statements)

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“…During the next step, another nuclease trims the intermediate from its 39 end until it reaches the footprint protected by the Piwi protein (Kawaoka et al 2011). Finally, the HEN1 methyltransferase modifies the 39 end of mature piRNAs with a 29 OMe group increasing their stability (Kirino and Mourelatos 2007;Kurth and Mochizuki 2009;Kamminga et al 2010;Montgomery et al 2012).…”

Section: Pirnas Provide Long-term Genetic Memory Of Transposon Invasionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Small but sturdy: small RNAs in cellular memory and epigenetics

2014

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Cells in multicellular organisms have distinct identities characterized by their profiles of expressed genes. Cell identities can be stable over a long time and through multiple cellular divisions but are also responsive to extracellular signals. Since the DNA sequence is identical in all cells, a “cellular memory” of expression profiles is achieved by what are defined as epigenetic mechanisms. Two major molecular principles—networks of transcription factors and maintenance of cis-chromatin modifications—have been implicated in maintaining cellular memory. Here we describe recent studies demonstrating that short noncoding RNAs can also provide molecular signals that define epigenetic states of cells. Small RNAs can act independently or cooperate with chromatin modifications to achieve long-lasting effects necessary for cellular memory and transgenerational inheritance.

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Section: Pirnas Provide Long-term Genetic Memory Of Transposon Invasionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Small but sturdy: small RNAs in cellular memory and epigenetics

2014

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“…piRNAs have been identified widely within the animal kingdom in the human, mouse, rat, fish, fly, worm and even in the sea anemone (Nematostella vectensis) and in one of the simplest animals, a sponge (Amphimedon queenslandica) but not in plants or fungi (Grimson et al 2008). Interestingly, PIWI proteins and piRNA-like small RNAs bearing the 3 0 -terminal 2 0 -O-methyl group have also been described phylogenetically as far as in Tetrahymena thermophila, a ciliated protozoan (Kurth & Mochizuki 2009). All this refers to the ancient origin of PIWI-piRNA machinery.…”

Section: ′ 5′mentioning

confidence: 99%

Chromatoid body and small RNAs in male germ cells

Meikar¹,

Ros²,

Korhonen³

et al. 2011

Reproduction

143

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The chromatoid body (CB) is a germ granule in the cytoplasm of postmeiotic haploid round spermatids that is loaded with RNA and RNAbinding proteins. Following the discovery of small non-coding RNA-mediated gene regulation and the identification of PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) that have crucial roles in germ line development, the function of the CB has slowly begun to be revealed. Male germ cells utilise small RNAs to control the complex and specialised process of sperm production. Several microRNAs have been identified during spermatogenesis. In addition, a high number of piRNAs are present both in embryonic and postnatal male germ cells, with their expression being impressively induced in late meiotic cells and haploid round spermatids. At postmeiotic stage of germ cell differentiation, the CB accumulates piRNAs and proteins of piRNA machinery, as well as several other proteins involved in distinct RNA regulation pathways. All existing evidence suggests a role for the CB in mRNA regulation and small RNA-mediated gene control, but the mechanisms remain uncharacterised. In this review, we summarise the current knowledge of the CB and its association with small RNA pathways.

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“…We deemed this analysis necessary since this modification is thought to maintain the stability of piRNAs [23][24][25][26][27][28]. In addition, the PIWI proteins in Drosophila interact with the piRNA methyltransferase, which in turn may be necessary for the methylation of piRNAs [27].…”

Section: Mili-associated Pirnas Are Upregulated But Not Downregulatedmentioning

confidence: 99%

piRNA biogenesis during adult spermatogenesis in mice is independent of the ping-pong mechanism

2012

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piRNAs, a class of small non-coding RNAs associated with PIWI proteins, have broad functions in germline development, transposon silencing, and epigenetic regulation. In diverse organisms, a subset of piRNAs derived from repeat sequences are produced via the interplay between two PIWI proteins. This mechanism, termed "ping-pong" cycle, operates among the PIWI proteins of the primordial mouse testis; however, its involvement in postnatal testes remains elusive. Here we show that adult testicular piRNAs are produced independent of the ping-pong mechanism. We identified and characterized large populations of piRNAs in the adult and postnatal developing testes associated with MILI and MIWI, the only PIWI proteins detectable in these testes. No interaction between MILI and MIWI or sequence feature for the ping-pong mechanism among their piRNAs was detected in the adult testis. The majority of MILI-and MIWI-associated piRNAs originate from the same DNA strands within the same loci. Both populations of piRNAs are biased for 5′ Uracil but not for Adenine on the 10th nucleotide position, and display no complementarity. Furthermore, in Miwi mutants, MILI-associated piRNAs are not downregulated, but instead upregulated. These results indicate that the adult testicular piRNAs are predominantly, if not exclusively, produced by a primary processing mechanism instead of the ping-pong mechanism. In this primary pathway, biogenesis of MILI-and MIWIassociated piRNAs may compete for the same precursors; the types of piRNAs produced tend to be non-selectively dictated by the available precursors in the cell; and precursors with introns tend to be spliced before processed into piRNAs.

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2′-O-methylation stabilizes Piwi-associated small RNAs and ensures DNA elimination in Tetrahymena

Cited by 145 publications

References 57 publications

Small but sturdy: small RNAs in cellular memory and epigenetics

Small but sturdy: small RNAs in cellular memory and epigenetics

Chromatoid body and small RNAs in male germ cells

piRNA biogenesis during adult spermatogenesis in mice is independent of the ping-pong mechanism

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