2 Human Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals: Principles and Applications

Dorne, Jean-Lou C.M.; Kass, George E.N.; Bordajandi, Luisa R.; Amzal, Billy; Bertelsen, Ulla; Castoldi, Anna Federica; Heppner, Claudia; Eskola, Mari; Fabiansson, Stefan; Ferrari, Pietro; Scaravelli, Elena; Dogliotti, Eugenia; Fuerst, Peter G.; Boobis, Alan R.; Verger, P

doi:10.1515/9783110436624-007

Cited by 24 publications

(21 citation statements)

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“…As, Cd, and Cr (VI), as well as Ni compounds, are all designated as carcinogenic to humans by the International Agency for Research on Cancer [5]. As and Cd also have established non-cancer toxicities, including the cardiovascular and renal systems [6]. Pb is a Class 2B carcinogen, and toxic to humans, in particular affecting the nervous system and (in youth) neurodevelopment [6,7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As and Cd also have established non-cancer toxicities, including the cardiovascular and renal systems [6]. Pb is a Class 2B carcinogen, and toxic to humans, in particular affecting the nervous system and (in youth) neurodevelopment [6,7]. Fresquez et al [8] have recently reported reference values for major U.S. cigarette brands, with As ranging from 0.22–0.36 μg/g, Cd from 1.0–1.7 μg/g, Cr from 1.4–3.2 μg/g, Ni from 2.1–3.9 μg/g, and Pb from 0.6–1.2 μg/g dry tobacco.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The level of exposure to metals in the smoke drawn from a single cigarette is small and likely not acutely toxic, but the accumulation of metals in the body over months, years, and decades of exposure is, depending on clearance rates, a health concern [6,12]. Several heavy metals found in tobacco smoke, such as Cd, Cr, Pb, and Ni, accumulate in tissues and fluids after smoking [13,14,15,16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Toxic Metal Concentrations in Cigarettes Obtained from U.S. Smokers in 2009: Results from the International Tobacco Control (ITC) United States Survey Cohort

Caruso

O’Connor

Stephens

et al. 2013

IJERPH

107

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Smoking-related diseases can be attributed to the inhalation of many different toxins, including heavy metals, which have a host of detrimental health effects. The current study reports the levels of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), and lead (Pb) in cigarettes obtained from adult smokers participating in the 2009 wave of the ITC United States Survey (N = 320). The mean As, Cd, Cr, Ni, and Pb levels were 0.17, 0.86, 2.35, 2.21, and 0.44 µg/g, respectively. There were some differences in metal concentrations of cigarette brands produced by different manufacturers, suggesting differences in the source of tobaccos used by different companies. For Ni, there were significant pairwise differences between Philip Morris U.S. (PMUSA) and R.J. Reynolds (RJR) brands (PMUSA higher; p < 0.001), PMUSA and other manufacturer (OM) brands (PMUSA higher; p < 0.001), and RJR and OM brands (RJR higher; p = 0.006). For Cr, RJR brands had higher levels than did OM brands (p = 0.02). Levels of As, Cd, and Pb did OPEN ACCESS Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2014, 11203 not differ significantly across manufacturer groups (p > 0.10). Because of the variety of toxic heavy metals in cigarette tobacco, and their numerous negative health effects, metal content in cigarette tobacco should be reduced.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Toxic Metal Concentrations in Cigarettes Obtained from U.S. Smokers in 2009: Results from the International Tobacco Control (ITC) United States Survey Cohort

Caruso

O’Connor

Stephens

et al. 2013

IJERPH

107

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“…Papers about the uptake of heavy metals onto LDHs thin films from water are scarce, probably because layered double hydroxides have only recently been considered for industrial/health applications [5][6][7][8][9]. Some of the heavy metals pose serious hazards to health and environment [10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of copper ions from aqueous solutions using layered double hydroxides thin films deposited by PLD

Vlad

Bı̂rjega

Matei

et al. 2015

Applied Surface Science

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“…[7] Pb is a Class 2B carcinogen, and also affects the nervous system and the neurodevelopment in youth. [8,9] As and Cd exposures are also associated with cardiovascular and renal toxicities,[8,9] and may act as co-carcinogens. [10–12] Cd, Pb, and Ni accumulate in tissues and fluids after smoking [6,13–16] and both active and passive smoking are major sources for Cd and Pb exposure in the US population.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxic metal and nicotine content of cigarettes sold in China, 2009 and 2012

et al. 2014

Tobacco Control

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BACKGROUND Metals of primary health concern can accumulate in the tobacco plant and contribute to smokers’ exposures to carcinogens, a significant cause of the millions of smoking-related deaths in China each year. These exposures are due to the smoker’s addiction to nicotine. OBJECTIVE This study sought to explore toxic heavy metal and nicotine concentrations in the tobacco of Chinese cigarette brands purchased in 2009 and 2012, as well as its regional variation. METHODS Cigarette packs for this study were purchased from seven Chinese cities in 2009 and 2012, and 91 pairs of cigarettes were matched based on UPC for comparison. Ten cigarette sticks were randomly selected from each pack and tested using polarized energy dispersive x-ray fluorescence (XRF) for arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni) and lead (Pb) concentrations. Nicotine analysis was conducted following Coresta Recommended Method N°62. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS, encompassing descriptive statistics, correlations and generalized estimating equations to observe changes in brand varieties over time. FINDINGS On average, from 2009 to 2012 As, Cd, Cr, and Pb concentrations have decreased in Chinese tobacco. Of the seven cities where the cigarette brands were purchased, only four cities showed significant differences of the selected metals from 2009 to 2012. However, there was no significant change in tobacco nicotine content from 2009 to 2012. CONCLUSION Tobacco in Chinese cigarettes purchased in seven geographically disbursed cities contains consistently high levels of metals, including carcinogens like Cd. One source may be the improper use of fertilizers. These numbers should be monitored more carefully and regulated by health officials.

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2 Human Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals: Principles and Applications

Cited by 24 publications

References 0 publications

Toxic Metal Concentrations in Cigarettes Obtained from U.S. Smokers in 2009: Results from the International Tobacco Control (ITC) United States Survey Cohort

Toxic Metal Concentrations in Cigarettes Obtained from U.S. Smokers in 2009: Results from the International Tobacco Control (ITC) United States Survey Cohort

Detection of copper ions from aqueous solutions using layered double hydroxides thin films deposited by PLD

Toxic metal and nicotine content of cigarettes sold in China, 2009 and 2012

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