2 GHz outdoor to indoor propagation at high elevation angles

Abstract

The case of outdoor to indoor propagation prediction at high elevation angles has been scarcely addressed and no direct relationship between the elevation angles and the building penetration loss has been reported.High Altitude Platform Stations -a new means of providing International Mobile Telephony (IMT-2000)-will be operating at high elevation angles. This paper examines the impact of the high elevation angles in the propagation mechanism and the penetration into buildings loss. A 3-D ray-tracing tool was developed in order to simulate a specific environment of 11 buildings and take into account parameters, such as dihctions from building edges and rooftops. This approach concludes that the penetration loss is an increasing function of the elevation angles.

A Model for Radio Propagation Loss Prediction in Buildings using Parabolic Equations

“…Relative permittivity Conductivity (S/m) Brick wall [7] 5.05 -5.52 0.01 Wood [6] 3.00 0.00 Formic [8] 5.00 0.00…”

Propagation Path Loss through the Urban Foliated Semi-confined Environment Using Parabolic Equations

“…Relative permittivity Conductivity (S/m) Brick walls [6] 1.95 -6.95 0.0001 Tree Trunks [6] 2.75 -3.8 0.0001…”

Penetration Loss Measurement and Modeling for HAP Mobile Systems in Urban Environment

“…This model applies to scenarios where the coverage of urban/suburban areas is achieved at elevation angles ranging between 55-90 degrees and the HAP is positioned above the city center. In [8], the authors studied the impact of high elevation angles in the propagation mechanisms; it was shown that in urban coverage scenarios by HAPs most of the buildings have at least one of the walls and the rooftop directly illuminated.…”