2-Deoxyglucose-Modified Folate Derivative: Self-Assembling Nanoparticle Able to Load Cisplatin

Abstract

Folic acid has been widely introduced into nano-drug delivery systems to give nanoparticle-targeted characteristics. However, the poor water solubility of folic acid may hinder the exploitation of its ability to load antineoplastic drugs. In the present study, we designed a new folate derivative (FA-2-DG) synthesized from folic acid and 2-Deoxyglucose (2-DG). The aim of this study was to evaluate the self-assembly characteristics of FA-2-DG, and its ability of loading cisplatin. The critical micelle concentration was 7.94 × 10−6 mol L−1. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy indicated that hydrogen bonding interaction is a main driving force for the self–assembly of FA-2-DG. The particle was stable in pure water or 0.5% bovine serum albumin dispersions. By forming a coordination bond, the particles assembled from FA-2-DG can load cisplatin. The loading efficiency was maximal when the molar ratio of FA-2-DG to cisplatin was 2:1.

Dual Hyaluronic Acid and Folic Acid Targeting pH-Sensitive Multifunctional 2DG@DCA@MgO-Nano-Core–Shell-Radiosensitizer for Breast Cancer Therapy

“…After the literature comparison achieved between the FTIR data of bare FA [ 41 ], HA [ 42 ], DCA [ 43 ], 2DG [ 44 ], and bare MgO-NPs [ 45 ], it must be noted that the connection type between the outer organic shells was by covalent bond due to the presence of new peaks as described before, which were not present in bare FA, HA, DCA, 2DG, and bare MgO-NPs which indicated the conjugation behavior between layers and indicated by a covalent bond, as described in the recent publications [ 46 , 47 , 48 ]. In our FTIR results, the conjugation behavior was detected as new peaks formed (strong covalent bond) or a minor shifting in the bare peaks (weak physical bond) [ 49 , 50 ].…”

ZnO Nano-Particles Production Intensification by Means of a Spinning Disk Reactor

“…Nowadays, nanoparticle production has increased in a notable way due to its widespread number of applications in different sectors—such as electronic and energy storage [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ], industrial catalysis [ 5 , 6 ], pharmaceutical and biomedical [ 3 , 7 , 8 , 9 ], food [ 10 , 11 , 12 ], civil and waste re-use [ 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 ], and the environment [ 13 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 ]. The production of nanoparticles requires particular operating conditions and equipment, in particular the achievement of micro-mixing conditions [ 24 , 25 ] to avoid rapid aggregation phenomena [ 26 , 27 ], or the use of complexing agents to reduce surface electrostatic attraction among nanoparticles, such as carboxy-methyl-cellulose, alginate, xanthan and other organic compounds [ 28 , 29 ].…”