2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid-induced oxidative stress: Metabolome and membrane modifications in Umbelopsis isabellina, a herbicide degrader

Abstract

The study reports the response to herbicide of the 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D)–degrading fungal strain Umbelopsis isabellina. A comparative analysis covered 41 free amino acids as well as 140 lipid species of fatty acids, phospholipids, acylglycerols, sphingolipids, and sterols. 2,4-D presence led to a decrease in fungal catalase activity, associated with a higher amount of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS). Damage to cells treated with the herbicide resulted in increased membrane permeability and decreased membrane fluidity. Detailed lipidomic profiling showed changes in the fatty acids composition such as an increase in the level of linoleic acid (C18:2). Moreover, an increase in the phosphatidylethanolamine/phosphatidylcholine ratio was observed. Analysis of fungal lipid profiles revealed that the presence of 2,4-D was accompanied by the accumulation of triacylglycerols, a decrease in ergosterol content, and a considerable rise in the level of sphingolipid ceramides. In the exponential phase of growth, increased levels of leucine, glycine, serine, asparagine, and hydroxyproline were found. The results obtained in our study confirmed that in the cultures of U. isabellina oxidative stress was caused by 2,4-D. The herbicide itself forced changes not only to membrane lipids but also to neutral lipids and amino acids, as the difference of tested compounds profiles between 2,4-D—containing and control samples was consequently lower as the pesticide degradation progressed. The presented findings may have a significant impact on the basic understanding of 2,4-D biodegradation and may be applied for process optimization on metabolomic and lipidomic levels.

Metabolic Potential, Ecology and Presence of Associated Bacteria Is Reflected in Genomic Diversity of Mucoromycotina

“…The lowest levels were observed for myristic (14:0) and palmitoleic (16:1) acids. A high percentage of oleic acid (18:1) is characteristic for the Umbelopsis strains and has also been reported by others ( Fakas et al, 2009 ; Demir et al, 2013 ; Bernat et al, 2018 ). It is also the dominant fatty acid for all isolates except for Thamnidium elegans .…”

Acetamiprid Affects Destruxins Production but Its Accumulation in Metarhizium sp. Spores Increases Infection Ability of Fungi

“…Dtxs are extracellular metabolites; however, their synthesis takes place in fungal cells [23]. The properties of the cell membrane, including permeability, potential and fluidity, have an influence on the cell secretion process [24]. Acetamiprid did not reduce the permeability of biological membranes at any of the used concentrations (p > 0.05).…”

Turbidity matters: differential effect of a 2,4-D formulation on the structure of microbial communities from clear and turbid freshwater systems

“…Build-up of 2,4-D residues may cause important alterations in soil and aquatic ecosystems. The 2,4-D can produce disruptive effects in fungi (Bernat et al., 2018), insects (Sharma et al., 2018), amphibians (LaChapelle et al., 2007; Aronzon et al., 2011; Van Meter et al., 2018), fish (Dehnert et al., 2018; De Arcaute et al., 2018), and others (Islam et a. 2018).…”