2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and TGFβ3-Mediated Mouse Embryonic Palatal Mesenchymal Cells

Abstract

2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is a well-known environmental teratogenic effector for cleft palate. Transforming growth factor 3 ( TGF-β3 ) is an essential growth factor for palatogenesis. The objective of this study is to clarify the effects of TCDD and TGF-β3 in mouse embryonic palatal mesenchymal (MEPM) cells. The effects of 10 nM TCDD, 10 ng/mL TGF-β3 , or a combination of 10 nM TCDD and 10 ng/mL TGF-β3 on MEPM cells were revealed by cell and biological methods. With the increase in TCDD (0.5-10 nM), the expression of TGF-β3 increased, but at TCDD concentrations greater than 10 nM, the expression of TGF-β3 reduced. The viabilities of MEPM cells decreased in the 10 nM TCDD-treated group. But the viabilities increased in the 10 ng/mL TGF-β3 -treated group, and the viabilities were intermediate in the group treated with a combination of 10 nM TCDD and 10 ng/mL TGF-β3 . This phenomenon was the same as that of the motilities. In addition, we found that the expression of p-Smad2, p-Smad3,and Smad7 were increased by TCDD, TGF-β3 , combination of TCDD and TGF-β3 , but the expression of Smad4 were decreased by TCDD, TGF-β3 , combination of TCDD and TGF-β3 . These data revealed that TCDD and TGF-β3 interacted and affected MEPM cells.

SPECC1L-deficient primary mouse embryonic palatal mesenchyme cells show speed and directionality defects

“…This remodeling is likely initiated by the medial edge epithelium of the palatal shelf, but driven by the palate mesenchyme. While primary MEPM cells have been used for testing the effect of various inhibitory compounds, growth factors, and gene-expression changes 31,[37][38][39][40][41][42] , only a few studies have investigated the migration of MEPM cells 39,43,44 , and none, to our knowledge, have examined if they can migrate collectively. We identify the presence of stream formation in MEPM cells, a behavior generally considered to be a feature of collective movement 24,25,45 .…”

SPECC1L-deficient palate mesenchyme cells show speed and directionality defect

“…This remodeling is likely initiated by the medial edge epithelium of the palatal shelf, but driven by the palate mesenchyme. While primary MEPM cells have been used for testing the effect of various inhibitory compounds, growth factors, and gene-expression changes (Fantauzzo and Soriano 2014;Gao et al 2019;Iyyanar and Nazarali 2017;Jiang et al 2017;Liu et al 2014;Vasudevan and Soriano 2014), only a few studies have investigated the migration of MEPM cells (Fantauzzo and Soriano 2017;Gao et al 2019;He and Soriano 2013), and none, to our knowledge, have examined if they can migrate collectively. We identify the presence of stream formation in MEPM cells, a behavior generally considered to be a feature of collective movement (Czirok et al 2013;Scarpa and Mayor 2016;Szabo et al 2010).…”