2,3,5,4′-Tetrahydroxystilbene (TG1), a Novel Compound Derived from 2,3,5,4′-Tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside (THSG), Inhibits Colorectal Cancer Progression by Inducing Ferroptosis, Apoptosis, and Autophagy

Abstract

Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the deadliest cancers worldwide and long-term survival is not guaranteed in metastatic disease despite current multidisciplinary therapies. A new compound 2,3,5,4′-Tetrahydroxystilbene (TG1), derived from THSG (2,3,5,4′-Tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-Glucoside), has been developed, and its anticancer ability against CRC is verified in this study. Methods: HCT116, HT-29, and DLD-1 were treated with TG1 and the IC50 was measured using a sulforhodamine B assay. A Xenograft mouse model was used to monitor tumor growth. Apoptosis and autophagy, induced by TG1 in CRC cells, were examined. RNA-sequencing analysis of CRC cells treated with TG1 was performed to discover underlying pathways and mechanisms. Results: The results demonstrated that treatment with TG1 inhibited CRC proliferation in vitro and in vivo and induced apoptotic cell death, which was confirmed by Annexin V-FITC/PI staining and Western blotting. Additionally, TG1 treatment increased the level of autophagy in cells. RNA-sequencing and GSEA analyses revealed that TG1 was associated with MYC and the induction of ferroptosis. Furthermore, the ferroptosis inhibitor Bardoxolone abrogated the cytotoxic effect of TG1 in CRC cells, indicating that ferroptosis played a crucial role in TG1-induced cytotoxicity. Conclusions: These findings suggest that TG1 might be a potential and potent compound for clinical use in the treatment of CRC by inhibiting proliferation and inducing ferroptosis through the MYC pathway.

Beyond Mortality: Exploring the Influence of Plant Phenolics on Modulating Ferroptosis—A Systematic Review

“…Animals are usually divided into groups that receive treatment with the examined compound and control which receives saline or buffer solution. In addition to the standard parameters examined in tissues, these studies also track changes in tumor size [ 41 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 ].…”

Targeting ferroptosis regulators by natural products in colorectal cancer

“…Additionally, TG1 modulates various cellular pathways implicated in cancer progression, including apoptosis, autophagy, and MYC signaling, further contributing to its anticancer effects. Importantly, TG1 demonstrates low toxicity and inhibits tumor growth in vivo , making it a promising candidate for further preclinical and clinical evaluation ( Tsai et al, 2023 ).…”