1H NMR-based metabolomics of time-dependent responses of Eisenia fetida to sub-lethal phenanthrene exposure

Both released silver ions and particulate Ag contribute to the toxicity of AgNPs to earthwormEisenia fetida

“…Since succinate dehydrogenase is the only enzyme bound to the inner mitochondrial membrane in the Krebs cycle, Ag + released from AgNPs probably disrupts the functioning of succinate dehydrogenase by binding to the inner mitochondrial membrane and affecting its stabilization (Horton et al, 2006). A similar phenomenon was observed in phenanthrene-exposed E. fetida (Lankadurai et al, 2013). Alanine can be involved in the metabolic pathway of gluconeogenesis since it is the major substrate.…”

“…In the Krebs cycle, succinate can be converted into fumarate by succinate dehydrogenase (Lankadurai et al, 2013). The alteration of succinate and fumarate levels means a possible disruption in the conversion of succinate to fumarate induced by the released Ag + (Lankadurai et al, 2011;Parrish et al, 1998).…”

“…In the Krebs cycle, succinate can be converted into fumarate by succinate dehydrogenase (Lankadurai et al, 2013). The alteration of succinate and fumarate levels means a possible disruption in the conversion of succinate to fumarate induced by the released Ag + (Lankadurai et al, 2011;Parrish et al, 1998). Since succinate dehydrogenase is the only enzyme bound to the inner mitochondrial membrane in the Krebs cycle, Ag + released from AgNPs probably disrupts the functioning of succinate dehydrogenase by binding to the inner mitochondrial membrane and affecting its stabilization (Horton et al, 2006).…”

Analysis of Eisenia fetida earthworm responses to sub-lethal C60 nanoparticle exposure using 1H-NMR based metabolomics

“…The upper polar layer and the bottom non-polar layer were removed carefully into a 1.5 ml centrifuge tube and a 1.8 ml glass vial respectively. Previous studies have reported that the polar fraction is more informative than the non-polar fraction regarding the metabolic perturbations of E. fetida in response to phenanthrene exposure using 1 H NMR metabolomics (Lankadurai et al, 2013a(Lankadurai et al, , 2011a. The polar fraction was dried under a constant nitrogen flow and was then reconstituted in 750 μl of a 0.2 M monobasic sodium phosphate buffer solution (NaH 2 PO 4 2H 2 O; 99.3%; Fisher Chemicals) containing 0.1% (w/v) sodium azide (99.5% purity; Sigma Aldrich) as a preservative (Brown et al, 2008).…”

Metabolomics for Soil Contamination Assessment

“…Multivariate statistical analysis has proved highly effective for metabolite identification. Thus, principal component analysis (PCA) is used to identify differences between metabolic profiles of organisms exposed to organic or inorganic pollutants (Jones et al, 2014;Kwon et al, 2012;Lankadurai et al, 2011). Besides, association between the metabolic profile and biological factors evaluated as markers for exposure to pollutants can be modelled by partial least squares (PLS) regression analysis (Ellis et al, 2012).…”