1H NMR-based metabolomic analysis of polar and non-polar earthworm metabolites after sub-lethal exposure to phenanthrene

Proteomic and metabolomic analysis of earthworm Eisenia fetida exposed to different concentrations of 2,2′,4,4′-tetrabromodiphenyl ether

“…Therefore the decrease of maltose in 10 and 100 μg/L BDE 47-treated groups correlated with the increase of glucose, which could imply the increasing energy requirement for BDE 47-exposed earthworms. The similar result was observed in phenanthrene-treated E. fetida [29]. Previous studies showed that hydrophobic organic contaminants could result in an enhanced energy metabolism marked by decreased maltose and increased amino acids due to protein breakdown [28,45].…”

“…Some recent studies have shown that both NMR-based metabolomics and 2-DE-based proteomics on earthworm Eisenia fetida have great potential to elucidate the toxicological effects and mechanisms induced by environmental contaminants, such as heavy metals (e.g., cadmium) and organic chemicals (e.g., phenanthrene) [29,30]. To our knowledge, however, no combined proteomic and metabolomic investigation has been carried out in ecotoxicology using E. fetida as a bioindicator.…”

Analysis of Eisenia fetida earthworm responses to sub-lethal C60 nanoparticle exposure using 1H-NMR based metabolomics

“…The upper polar layer and the bottom non-polar layer were removed carefully into a 1.5 ml centrifuge tube and a 1.8 ml glass vial respectively. Previous studies have reported that the polar fraction is more informative than the non-polar fraction regarding the metabolic perturbations of E. fetida in response to phenanthrene exposure using 1 H NMR metabolomics (Lankadurai et al, 2013a(Lankadurai et al, , 2011a. The polar fraction was dried under a constant nitrogen flow and was then reconstituted in 750 μl of a 0.2 M monobasic sodium phosphate buffer solution (NaH 2 PO 4 2H 2 O; 99.3%; Fisher Chemicals) containing 0.1% (w/v) sodium azide (99.5% purity; Sigma Aldrich) as a preservative (Brown et al, 2008).…”

Metabolic Responses of Eisenia Fetida to Individual Pb and Cd Contamination in Two Types of Soils

“…The samples were vortexed and centrifuged at 12000 rpm for 10 min. Finally, the supernatants were transferred to 5 mm NMR tubes for 1 H NMR analysis 60–62 .…”

“…However, some overlapping metabolites in the NMR spectra were distinguished by representative references 24,58,62,65,66 . The indistinguishable overlapping peaks of different metabolites hampered the accurate assignments of NMR signals and peak integrations; thus, the assignment and integration of peaks were assisted by two-dimensional statistical total correlation spectroscopy (STOCSY), which was used to identify correlations between spectral resonances of interest to assist metabolite assignment 67 .…”