1999-2002 Public Housing Partnership: U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development and U.S. Department of Energy

Residential Immobility and Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Housing Quality

“…Black and Hispanic households live in lower quality housing and poorer, more segregated neighborhoods than White and Asian households (Alba and Logan 1992;Flippen 2010;Hall and Greenman 2013;Rosenbaum 1996;Shapiro 2006). While studies find that SES and acculturation explain many of the disparities which exist between White households and Asian and Hispanic households (Iceland and Scopilliti 2008;Iceland and Wilkes 2006), discrimination in the housing market still plays a prominent role in determining Black and Hispanic housing outcomes (Korver-Glenn 2018; Turner et al 2014). Our study advances the literature on racial and ethnic disparities in housing quality by examining how differences in who enters the housing market contributes to these gaps as we explore how residential mobility predicts residential outcomes differently by race and ethnicity.…”

“…It may be that Black and Hispanic households disproportionately fall into the group of households who are not economically secure enough to find new housing given persistent disparities in wealth and income (Shapiro 2006). However, it may also be the case that Black and Hispanic households in similar economic positions as White and Asian households are still less likely to move due to potential information constraints on available housing (Krysan and Crowder 2017;Turner et al 2014), hesitation to interact with the housing market to avoid the interpersonal experience of discrimination (Charles 2003), satisfaction with their current residence, or other constraints from the persistence of structural and interpersonal racism (Bonilla-Silva 2021; Omi and Winant 1988). It is unclear whether the role of income in residential mobility will operate similarly for Black and Hispanic households as it does for White and Asian households.…”

“…Racial discrimination occurs at every stage of the housing market (Korver-Glenn 2018). Audit studies find that Black, Hispanic, and Asian households are told about and shown fewer available units than comparable White households (Turner et al 2014). Black and Hispanic households are also disproportionately targeted by subprime lending practices (Hall et al 2015;Rugh 2015).…”

“…However, scholarship finds that the residential attainment model does not operate in the same way for Black and Hispanic households as it does for White households. Compared with White households of similar economic means, Black and Hispanic households are unable to access similar quality housing and neighborhoods (Crowder, Pais, and South 2012;Iceland and Wilkes 2006;Logan and Alba 1993), largely due to persistent forms of racial discrimination (Howell and Korver-Glenn 2020;Korver-Glenn 2018;Turner et al 2014). In addition, Black and Hispanic households are more likely than White households to experience eviction, foreclosure, and displacement from natural hazards (Cookson et al 2018;Elliott 2015;Hall, Crowder, and Spring 2015).…”

Anode Aging through Voltage Cycling Induced by H2-Air Fronts during System Start-Up and Shut-Down

“…The proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) is a technology at the edge of commercialization, finally brought to the automotive market by Hyundai (1) and Toyota (2) in recent years. A major challenge with respect to its large-scale application is the long-term stability of the membrane electrode assembly (MEA) (3), whereby degradation during system start-up and shut-down (SUSD) was found to be a major reason for the rapid performance fading of PEMFCs (4). The passing of a H 2 /air front through the anode flow field during SUSD temporarily divides the anode compartment into a H 2 -filled and an air-filled part, so that the fuel cell can be conceptually separated into a H 2 /air (anode/cathode) cell short-circuited with an air/air (anode/cathode) cell.…”