1994 Task analysis of American certified nurse-midwifery

Processes of care Comparisons of certified nurse-midwives and obstetricians

“…These findings are in accord with different professional assumptions about pregnancy and birth. The nurse‐midwifery approach views birth as a normal, healthy process and focuses on active client participation in decision‐making, use of client teaching to promote health and reduce risk, and vigilant risk assessment (20, 21). Nurse‐midwives believe in use of complex technology only as indicated (28, 33).…”

“…This change did not affect the chart data collection process. However, many care processes that are of interest to nurse‐midwives (12,19–21) are not included in this analysis because the study did not include observations of client‐provider interactions. Rather, the categories of physical care and of educational or psychosocial care are measured by a series of indicators.…”

Genealogic origins of nurse-midwifery education programs in the United States

“…Thirtyeight of these programs opened during these two decades and seven subsequently closed; five during the same two decades. 22 The scope of practice expanded again to include the perimenopause, 23,24 and by the end of the century, nurse-midwifery practice encompassed the primary care of women from puberty through senescence. 25 Nurse-midwives were also practicing in all geographic, physical, and socioeconomic settings.…”

Scope of Practice: Freedom Within Limits

“…Newly credentialed CNMs/CMs will most likely have a very different scope of practice immediately following certification than they will have after 10 years of practice. A task analysis of American certified nurse‐midwives found that CNMs with the fewest years of practice experience were less likely to attend births in out‐of‐hospital settings (3).…”