198Au-Coated Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Dual Magnetic Hyperthermia and Radionuclide Therapy of Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Abstract

This study was performed to synthesize a radiopharmaceutical designed for multimodal hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) treatment involving radionuclide therapy and magnetic hyperthermia. To achieve this goal, the superparamagnetic iron oxide (magnetite) nanoparticles (SPIONs) were covered with a layer of radioactive gold (198Au) creating core–shell nanoparticles (SPION@Au). The synthesized SPION@Au nanoparticles exhibited superparamagnetic properties with a saturation magnetization of 50 emu/g, which is lower than reported for uncoated SPIONs (83 emu/g). Nevertheless, the SPION@Au core–shell nanoparticles showed a sufficiently high saturation magnetization value which allows them to reach a temperature of 43 °C at a magnetic field frequency of 386 kHz. The cytotoxic effect of nonradioactive and radioactive SPION@Au–polyethylene glycol (PEG) bioconjugates was carried out by treating HepG2 cells with various concentrations (1.25–100.00 µg/mL) of the compound and radioactivity in range of 1.25–20 MBq/mL. The moderate cytotoxic effect of nonradioactive SPION@Au-PEG bioconjugates on HepG2 was observed. The cytotoxic effect associated with the β− radiation emitted by 198Au was much greater and already reaches a cell survival fraction below 8% for 2.5 MBq/mL of radioactivity after 72 h. Thus, the killing of HepG2 cells in HCC therapy should be possible due to the combination of the heat-generating properties of the SPION-198Au–PEG conjugates and the radiotoxicity of the radiation emitted by 198Au.

Selective Removal of Chlorophyll and Isolation of Lutein from Plant Extracts Using Magnetic Solid Phase Extraction with Iron Oxide Nanoparticles

“…Moreover, they possess a higher surface area and adsorption capacity toward different molecules and ions. In the literature, there are many examples of the use of nanoscale iron oxides as efficient adsorbents suitable for the decontamination of drinking water from heavy metal ions such as Cr(VI), Pb(II), Cr(III), Cu(II), Zn(II), Ni(II), and Cd(II) [ 53 , 54 ] or as potential drug carriers [ 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 ].…”

Magnetic Relaxation Switching Assay Using IFNα-2b-Conjugated Superparamagnetic Nanoparticles for Anti-Interferon Antibody Detection

“…Taking into account the anti-proliferative and anti-viral activity of IFNα-2b obtained magnetic conjugates SPIONs@IFNα-2b could be further employed for the treatment of various pathological conditions. Thus, as was shown by several studies, application of liver-targeted nanocomplexes could be employed for the efficient therapy of hepatitis C virus, human immunodeficiency virus, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) [ 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 ]. Furthermore, magnetic NPs labeled with IFNα-2b with high temporal–spatial resolution and directed towards the inflamed sites of liver parenchyma can be used for differential diagnostics of hepatic disorders [ 65 , 66 ].…”

Radioiodine‐131‐Labeled Theranostic Nanoparticles for Transarterial Radioembolization and Chemoembolization Combination Therapy of VX2 Liver Tumor

“…Recently, research on the application of NPs in TARE emerged. For example, 198 Au–SPIONs NPs were applied in arterial embolization for a combined treatment of radionuclide brachytherapy and hyperthermia therapy in HCC, [ 25 ] while 125 I−Au@Pt NPs with the function of “chemo‐Auger electron” therapy also displayed enhanced antitumor effect. [ 26 ] Predictably, multifunctional NP‐based TACE and TARE combination therapy for HCC will produce improved therapeutic effects and fewer side effects.…”