“…One variant of such programs-functional restoration (FR)-has been comprehensively described in detail in a number of publications (e.g., Mayer & Gatchel, 1988;Mayer et al, 1987;Mayer & Polatin, 2000). Research has shown that the FR program is associated with substantive improvement in various important societal outcome measures (e.g., return to work and resolution of outstanding medical issues) in chronically disabled patients with spinal disorders in both 1-year follow-up studies (e.g., Hazard et al, 1989;Mayer et al, 1985), as well as a 2-year follow-up study (Mayer et al, 1987). In the 2-year follow-up study by Mayer et al, 87% of the FR group was actively working at 2 years post-treatment, as compared to only 41% of a non-treatment comparison group.…”