1975 current results of the first 100 cytologically typed acute lymphoid leukemia submitted to BCG active immunotherapy

Mathé, G; Vassal, F. de; Delgado, M.; Pouillart, P; Belpomme, D; Joseph, Rosaline R.; Schwarzenberg, L; Amiel, J. L.; Schneider, M.; Cattan, A; Musset, M; Misset, Jean-Louis; Jasmin, C

doi:10.1007/bf00205298

Cited by 21 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…The evidence available so far, mainly from the work of Math6 et al (1976aMath6 et al ( , 1976bSokal et al (1976);Sokal (1977); Bekesi et al (1977) and others, suggests that active immunization of the human host by means of autologous, allogeneic and modified tumor cells does indeed favorably change the course of human leukemia, provided that such immunotherapy is applied after effective reduction of the disease to minimal residual tumor burden.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Immunization was carried out by the subcutaneous or intradermal routes mainly when solid tumors were involved and by the intravenous route for the immunotherapy of leukemias. Several clinical investigators have reported that active immunization may confer clinical benefit upon patients so treated, and that it is not accompanied by undue hazards (Ikonopisov et al, 1970;Currie and McElwain, 1975;Cunningham et al, 1976;Math6 et al, 1976aMath6 et al, , 1976bGreen et al, 1976;Shibata et al, 1976;Sokal et al, 1976;Sokal, 1977;Stewart et al, 1976;Takita et al, 1976).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

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Direct endolymphatic instillation (ELI) of BCG-Tumor cell mixture

Stein

Adler

Goldfarb

et al. 1978

Cancer Immunol Immunother

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Direct endolymphatic instillation (ELI) of BCG-Tumor cell mixture

Stein

Adler

Goldfarb

et al. 1978

Cancer Immunol Immunother

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“…It is now generally recognized that age, the WBC at diagnosis, and the presence or abserice of T cell markers and a mediastinal mass help to identify high-and low-risk groups of patients with ALL [16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24]. Whether cytologic features of the ALL blasts have prognostic impact is debatable [23].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relapse Following Marrow Transplantation for Acute Leukemia

et al. 1978

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One-hundred-thirty-six patients who underwent marrow transplantation for endstage acute leukemia were studied with respect t o factors that might predict failure t o eradicate or recurrence of leukemia following transplantation. One-hundred-five patients were recipients of allogeneic and 3 1 recipients of syngeneic marrow. Sixty-four patients had acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and 72 acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia (ANL). The frequency of persistence of leukemia and relapse was 35% for patients with ANL and 44% for those with ALL. sidered simultaneously through proportional hazards modeling showed only the WBC at admission for transplantation t o be significant (P = 0.02). The presence of an enlarged spleen, either at diagnosis or at transplantation, was associated with an increased probability of relapse (P < 0.006) among patients with ANL. In patients with ALL, active central nervous system (CNS) disease at the time of transplantation significantly increased the risk of relapse in the CNS (P < 0.01). Patients with a white blood cell (WBC) count greater than 20,000/mm3 at admission for transplantation had an increased rate of relapse (P < 0.003). Patients whose leukemic cells showed a karyotypic abnormality on cytogenetic analysis had an increased probability of relapse as compared t o those with karyotypically normal leukemic cells (P = 0.04). Following transplantation, the persistence of leukemic cells in the marrow one week after transplantation indicated an increased likelihood of failure to achieve remission and an increased likelihood of subsequent relapse in those who achieved a remission (P < 0.001).When all the patients are considered as one group pretransplant factors con-

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“…By day 130, all 10 controls had relapsed whereas only 9 of the 20 patients who received some form of immunotherapy had relapsed. Seven of the 20 patients in the immunotherapy group have remained in their first complete remission between 10 and 13 years since starting active immunotherapy, and 8 are alive in complete remission [125][126][127]. A significant criticism of this study is that the period of chemotherapyinduced remission in the control group was relatively short when compared to the results of other contemporary investigators.…”

Section: A Cute Lymphoblastic Leukemiamentioning

confidence: 98%

Immunotherapy and chemoimmunotherapy of malignant disease with BCG and nonviable mycobacterial fractions

et al. 1977

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The administration of Bacillus Calmette‐Guérin (BCG) has been associated with restoration of general immunocompetence, augmentation of specific tumor immunity, activation of local and regional host defense mechanisms, and stimulation of the reticuloendothelial system. There is evidence that antigens from a variety of unrelated tumors are shared with, or are similar to, antigens in BCG. However, it is uncertain whether this cross‐reactivity is the basis for the antitumor activity of BCG. Numerous studies emphasize the importance of regional effects of immunotherapy. They suggest a two‐step mechanism for antitumor activity that involves recognition of BCG by host defense mechanisms, followed by activation and mobilization of macrophages by specifically produced lymphokines. The several nonviable derivatives of BCG have activity comparable to BCG without many of the problems associated with viable BCG. An optimal, completely standardized BCG preparation has not yet been produced. Clinical studies on the immunotherapeutic effects of BCG and its derivatives in cancer patients indicate that in cutaneous malignant melanoma, intralesional injection of BCG causes complete regression of tumor in 65–90% of instances, with long‐term remission in patients with purely cutaneous metastatic disease. In patients with disseminated malignant melanoma, studies show prolongation of remission duration and overall survival in patients undergoing chemoimmunotherapy (with BCG + imidazole carboxamide) over those receiving chemotherapy alone. In acute lymphoblastic leukemia, one study has found a greater than 90% probability of survival in patients with the microlymphoblastic type undergoing immunotherapy after 5 years, yet other studies fail to show any therapeutic advantage. In most studies in acute myeloblastic leukemia, immunochemotherapy has given both qualitative and quantitative improvements in remission duration and particularly survival. Increased survival, particularly in stage I patients, has been reported in a trial of adjuvant BCG immunotherapy in lung cancer. Other studies on carcinoma of the colon, breast, and the head and neck, soft tissue sarcomas, and genitourinary cancers, utilizing various combinations of BCG and its derivatives, and chemotherapy, surgery, or radiation therapy indicate enhanced remission duration and survival. However, more research is needed to determine the optimum therapy combination in each case, to make refinements in dose, route, and schedule of administration, to improve product characteristics, and to overcome the complications of BCG immunotherapy.

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1975 current results of the first 100 cytologically typed acute lymphoid leukemia submitted to BCG active immunotherapy

Cited by 21 publications

References 23 publications

Direct endolymphatic instillation (ELI) of BCG-Tumor cell mixture

Direct endolymphatic instillation (ELI) of BCG-Tumor cell mixture

Relapse Following Marrow Transplantation for Acute Leukemia

Immunotherapy and chemoimmunotherapy of malignant disease with BCG and nonviable mycobacterial fractions

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