18S Ribosomal Rna Genes of Insects: Primary Structure of the Genes and Molecular Phylogeny of the Holometabola

Progress, pitfalls and parallel universes: a history of insect phylogenetics

“…It was recognized that taxa at the end of long branches may actually be sister groups [107,157,171,172], but that the rRNA data in hand could not support any conclusion including Halteria. Friedrich & Tautz [173], confirming the observations of Chalwatzis [158,159], showed in 1998 that there had been an extreme change in both substitution rate and compositional bias (box 3) in the stem dipteran lineage that would pose problems for phylogenetic analyses. These biases were further explored in 2000 by Steel et al [172] and others [174].…”

Evidence for an Earliest Late Carboniferous Divergence Time and the Early Larval Ecology and Diversification of Major Holometabola Lineages

“…It now seems that the interval of the initial holometabolan radiation occupied the entirety of the Pennsylvanian and extended upward to the mid Early Permian with the earliest occurrences of several modern orders (Kukalová-Peck and Willmann, 1990;Novokshonov, 2004;Beckemeyer and Hall, 2007;Davis et al, 2010;Minet et al, 2010). Hennig accepted the Holometabola as a monophyletic group, and provided evidence that supported many of the groupings recognized by earlier (Carmean et al, 1992;Pashley et al, 1993;Chalwatzis et al, 1996) and more recent (Whiting, 2002(Whiting, , 2004Beutel and Pohl, 2006;Wiegmann et al, 2009) molecular phylogenies, especially the clades Neuropteroidea, Coleopteroidea (possibly including the Strepsiptera), Hymenoptera, Mecopteroidea, Antliophora (possibly including the Siphonaptera), and Amphiesmenoptera.…”

Nuclear 18S rDNA As A Species-Level Molecular Marker for Leucothoidae (Amphipoda)

“…This study focused on nuclear 18S rDNA, which is traditionally used for resolving relationships of arthropods above the family level due to the highly conserved nature of the gene (Kim and Abele, 1990;Spears et al, 1992;Carmean et al, 1992;Pashley et al, 1993;Campbell et al, 1994;Friedrich and Tautz, 1995;Kim et al, 1996;Chalwatzis et al, 1996;Giribet et al, 1996;Friedrich and Tautz, 1997;Crease and Taylor, 1998;Spears and Abele, 2000;Hwang et al, 2000). Some examples of crustaceans for which molecular phylogenies have been based at least partially on 18S rDNA include brachyuran crabs (Spears et al, 1992;Spears and Abele, 2000), branchiopod crustaceans (Crease and Taylor, 1998), subterranean gammaridean amphipods (Englisch and Koenemann, 2001), onychopod cladocerans (Cristescu and Hebert, 2002), Ostracoda (Yamaguchi and Endo, 2003), and oniscidean isopods (Raupach et al, 2009).…”