17 Challenges in observational seismology

Lee, W.H.K.

doi:10.1016/s0074-6142(02)80220-0

Cited by 14 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…We have presented in this paper an overview of earthquake physics with an emphasis on initiation. There are many interesting and active areas of research that we have omitted because of space (for recent reviews, see Lee et al (2002), National Research Council (2003). Subjects that we neglected include questions of how earthquakes stop, geological studies of earthquake occurrence histories and methods of mitigating earthquake damage.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The physics of earthquakes

2004

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Earthquakes occur as a result of global plate motion. However, this simple picture is far from complete. Some plate boundaries glide past each other smoothly, while others are punctuated by catastrophic failures. Some earthquakes stop after only a few hundred metres while others continue rupturing for a thousand kilometres. Earthquakes are sometimes triggered by other large earthquakes thousands of kilometres away. We address these questions by dissecting the observable phenomena and separating out the quantifiable features for comparison across events. We begin with a discussion of stress in the crust followed by an overview of earthquake phenomenology, focusing on the parameters that are readily measured by current seismic techniques. We briefly discuss how these parameters are related to the amplitude and frequencies of the elastic waves measured by seismometers as well as direct geodetic measurements of the Earth's deformation. We then review the major processes thought to be active during the rupture and discuss their relation to the observable parameters. We then take a longer range view by discussing how earthquakes interact as a complex system. Finally, we combine subjects to approach the key issue of earthquake initiation. This concluding discussion will require using the processes introduced in the study of rupture as well as some novel mechanisms. As our observational database improves, our computational ability accelerates and our laboratories become more refined, the next few decades promise to bring more insights on earthquakes and perhaps some answers.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The physics of earthquakes

2004

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“…Initial research on the size of this landslide showed that the difference between two points located on opposite sides of the fault reached 30 m. The maximum displacement of the terrain exceeded 100 cm in the Sendai area and 50 cm in the area from Tohoku to Kanto. It caused about 15 million deaths and injuries; more than 250,000 buildings were damaged; and it was close to causing a nuclear disaster, damaging reactors at the Fukushima plant [13,14].…”

Section: Natural Hazards In the Worldmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sustainable Approach of a Multi-Hazard Risk Assessment Using GIS Customized for Ungheni Areal Situated in the Metropolitan Area of Iasi

Olteanu,

Crenganiș,

Diac

et al. 2024

Sustainability

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Hazards associated with natural factors annually result in significant human and economic losses. An accurate and up-to-date assessment of various hazards can limit their impact and bring benefits both in the modeling phase and mostly in the risk mitigation plan stage. The article presents the results of a multi-hazard analysis that considers floods, landslides, and earthquakes carried out in the Ungheni area, located in the eastern part of Romania at the border with the Republic of Moldova. The research focused on producing harmonized hazard maps for the two countries since the area spreads jointly between the two countries. Common geospatial data were used for modeling and risk assessment, such as airborne laser scanners, global navigation satellite systems, rasters, and vectors from analog and digital sources. Among hazards, the flood maps for the studied area, Ungheni, were designed using 2D hydraulic modeling in HECRAS software (version 6.3.1); the landslide maps considered the ArcGis platform following Romanian methodology; and the seismic analysis collected onsite measurements on the built environment. The shared use of geospatial data in modeling the three hazards led to high accuracy of the results and determined their spatial homogeneity. It was observed that only two areas, Mînzătești and Coada Stîncii villages from Ungheni Areal, are highly vulnerable to all three hazards. The research findings, along with mitigation recommendations, have contributed to the development of a more precise action plan for natural hazards events by local authorities and decision-makers.

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“…World Wide Standard Seismograph Network (WWSSN; Oliver and Murphy, 1971) constructed in the 1960s was also useful for the study of seismic sources. This network has been gradually replaced by the network of broadband seismometers with digital recording systems at more than 120 worldwide stations (Lee, 2002). Today, we can download these data from Data Manager Center (DMC) (http://www.iris.edu/) of Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology (IRIS) a few hours after the occurrence of earthquakes.…”

Section: Data Preparationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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2015

Treatise on Geophysics

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17 Challenges in observational seismology

Cited by 14 publications

References 13 publications

The physics of earthquakes

The physics of earthquakes

Sustainable Approach of a Multi-Hazard Risk Assessment Using GIS Customized for Ungheni Areal Situated in the Metropolitan Area of Iasi

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