16-Year incidence of ischemic heart disease in the NHLBI twin study A classification of subjects into high- and low-risk groups

Carmelli, Dorit; Selby, Joseph V.; Quiroga, Jose; Reed, Terry; Fabsitz, Richard R.; Christian, Joe C.

doi:10.1016/1047-2797(94)90097-3

Cited by 17 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Participants were coded as having hypertension (yes/no) if their average blood pressure across four measures taken in the morning and afternoon on the day of testing was greater than or equal to 140 systolic and/or 90 diastolic, or if they currently took medication for hypertension (Chobanian et al, 2003). The cardiovascular index (yes/no) indicated the presence or absence of having had a heart attack, heart failure, peripheral vascular disease, stroke, heart surgery, catheterization, or angioplasty (Carmelli et al, 1994). Participants were coded as diabetic (yes/no) if they were taking medication for diabetes and said they had been given a diagnosis of diabetes.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cross-sectional and 35-year longitudinal assessment of salivary cortisol and cognitive functioning: The Vietnam Era Twin Study of Aging

Franz

O’Brien

Hauger

et al. 2011

Psychoneuroendocrinology

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High levels of cortisol, a sign of potential hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis dysregulation, have been associated with poor cognitive outcomes in older adults. Most cortisol research has focused on hippocampal-related abilities such as episodic memory; however, the presence of glucocorticoid receptors in the human prefrontal cortex suggests that cortisol regulation is likely to be associated with prefrontally-mediated executive function abilities. We hypothesized that elevated cortisol levels would be associated with poorer frontal-executive function in addition to episodic memory. We assessed cortisol from 15 saliva samples paralleling individual diurnal rhythms across three non-consecutive days in a group of 778 middle-aged twin men ages 51 to 60. Cognitive domains created from 24 standard measures included: general cognitive ability, verbal and visual-spatial ability, verbal and visual-spatial memory, short-term/ immediate memory, working memory, executive function, verbal fluency, abstract reasoning, and psychomotor processing speed. Adjusting for general cognitive ability at age 20, age, race, and multiple health and lifestyle indicators, higher levels of average area-under-the-curve cortisol output across three days were significantly associated with poorer performance in three domains: executive (primarily set-shifting) measures, processing speed, and visual-spatial memory. In a 35-year longitudinal component of the study, we also found that general cognitive ability at age 20 was a significant predictor of midlife cortisol levels. These results possibly support the notion that glucocorticoid exposure is associated with cognitive functions that are mediated by frontal-striatal systems, and is not specific to hippocampal-dependent memory. The results also suggest that the direction of effect is complex.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cross-sectional and 35-year longitudinal assessment of salivary cortisol and cognitive functioning: The Vietnam Era Twin Study of Aging

Franz

O’Brien

Hauger

et al. 2011

Psychoneuroendocrinology

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“…In brief, participants were coded as having hypertension (yes/no) if average blood pressure across four measures taken in the morning and afternoon on the day of testing was greater than or equal to 140 systolic and/or 90 diastolic or if they currently took medication for hypertension (42). The cardiovascular index (yes/no) indicated the presence or absence of having had a heart attack, heart failure, peripheral vascular disease, stroke, heart surgery, catheterization or angioplasty (43). Participants were coded as diabetic (yes/no) if they were taking medication for diabetes and said they had a diagnosis of diabetes.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A 35-Year Longitudinal Assessment of Cognition and Midlife Depression Symptoms: The Vietnam Era Twin Study of Aging

Franz

Lyons

O’Brien

et al. 2011

The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry

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Objective-To determine whether early adult cognitive ability is a risk factor for depressive symptoms in midlife and how genetic and environmental influences explain the association; to examine cross-sectional relationships between depressive symptoms and specific cognitive abilities at midlife.Design: 35-year longitudinal and cross-sectional twin study of cognitive aging.Setting: Large multicenter study in the United States.Participants: 1237 male twins ages 51 to 60. Measurements:At age 20 and midlife, participants completed the same version of a general cognitive ability test (Armed Forces Qualification Test [AFQT]). Midlife testing included an extensive neurocognitive protocol assessing processing speed, verbal memory, visual-spatial memory, working memory, executive function, and visual-spatial ability. Participants completed the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale prior to cognitive testing and provided health and lifestyle information during a medical history interview.Results-Lower age 20 AFQT scores predicted higher levels of depressive symptoms at age 55 (r=−.16, p<.001). In bivariate twin modeling, 77% of the correlation between early cognitive ability and midlife depressive symptoms was due to shared genetic influences. Controlling for current age, age 20 AFQT, and non-independence of observations, depressive symptoms were associated with worse midlife AFQT scores and poorer performance in all cognitive domains except verbal memory Conclusion-Results suggest that low cognitive ability is a risk factor for depressive symptoms; this association is partly due to shared genetic influences. Cross-sectional analyses indicate that

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“…Height and weight were measured to calculate body mass index. Smoking status (current, past and never smoking) was collected 10 . Systolic and diastolic blood pressures were measured using a standard mercury sphygmomanometer 10 .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Smoking status (current, past and never smoking) was collected 10 . Systolic and diastolic blood pressures were measured using a standard mercury sphygmomanometer 10 . A minimum 9-hour overnight fasting blood was drawn to measure triglycerides, total cholesterol, high density lipid cholesterol, and low density lipid cholesterol using the North American Lipid Research Clinics methodology 7 .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A minimum 9-hour overnight fasting blood was drawn to measure triglycerides, total cholesterol, high density lipid cholesterol, and low density lipid cholesterol using the North American Lipid Research Clinics methodology 7 . Diabetes was defined as current use of insulin or oral hypoglycemic agents; or a 1-hour 50-gram post-load glucose level >250 mg/dL 10 . A 12-lead electrocardiogram was recorded.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Genetic and Environmental Influences on the Prospective Correlation Between Systemic Inflammation and Coronary Heart Disease Death in Male Twins

Neale

Acton

et al. 2014

ATVB

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Objective Because of lack of evidence, we aimed to examine to what degree low-grade systemic inflammation and coronary heart disease (CHD) death shared common genetic and environmental substrates. Approach and Results From the 41-year prospective National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Twin Study, we included 950 middle-aged male twins at baseline (1969–1973). Low-grade systemic inflammation was measured with plasma levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and C-reactive protein. Univariate and bivariate structural equation models were used, adjusted for a risk score for CHD death. The score-adjusted heritability was 19% for IL-6, 27% for C-reactive protein, and 22% for CHD death. The positive phenotypic correlation of IL-6 with CHD death (radjusted=0.27; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.08–0.43) was driven by additive genetic factors (contribution [relative contribution], 0.30 [111%]) but attenuated by unique environment (−0.03 [−11%]). The genetic correlation between IL-6 and CHD death was 0.74 (95% CI, 0.21–1.00), whereas the unique environmental correlation was −0.05 (95% CI, −0.35 to 0.25). The proportion of genetic variance for CHD death shared with that for IL-6 was 74%. The phenotypic correlation of C-reactive protein with CHD death (radjusted=0.10; 95% CI, −0.02 to 0.22) was explained by additive genetic factors (0.20 [149%]) but was attenuated by the unique environment (−0.09 [−49%]). The genetic correlation of C-reactive protein with CHD death was 0.63 (95% CI, −0.07 to 1.00), whereas the unique environmental correlation was −0.07 (95% CI, −0.29 to 0.17). Conclusions Low-grade systemic inflammation, measured by IL-6, and long-term CHD death share moderate genetic substrates that augment both traits.

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16-Year incidence of ischemic heart disease in the NHLBI twin study A classification of subjects into high- and low-risk groups

Cited by 17 publications

References 19 publications

Cross-sectional and 35-year longitudinal assessment of salivary cortisol and cognitive functioning: The Vietnam Era Twin Study of Aging

Cross-sectional and 35-year longitudinal assessment of salivary cortisol and cognitive functioning: The Vietnam Era Twin Study of Aging

A 35-Year Longitudinal Assessment of Cognition and Midlife Depression Symptoms: The Vietnam Era Twin Study of Aging

Genetic and Environmental Influences on the Prospective Correlation Between Systemic Inflammation and Coronary Heart Disease Death in Male Twins

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