[16] Methods for measurement of nitrogen fixation

Burris, R. H.; Wilson, P. W.

doi:10.1016/0076-6879(57)04064-1

Cited by 85 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…At the end of the (Tables I, II, IV, and V). Even the comparatively low root 15N enrichment found in experiment 1 exceeded the 0.0 15 atom % "'N excess level set by Burris and Wilson (4) as a conservative standard for establishing nitrogen fixation. The black cloth treatment was effective in controlling the growth of blue-green algae; the floodwater was always clear and there was no visual evidence of algal development on the surface of the soil.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 55%

Heterotrophic ¹⁵N₂ Fixation and Distribution of Newly Fixed Nitrogen in a Rice-Flooded Soil System

Eskew

Eaglesham²,

App³

1981

Plant Physiol.

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Rice (Oryza sativa L.) plants growing in pots of flooded soil were exposed to a "'Nrenriched atmosphere for 3 to 13 days in a gas-tight chamber. The floodwater and soil surface were shaded with a black cloth to reduce the activity of phototrophic N2-fLXing micro-organisms. The highest 1"N enrichments were consistently observed in the roots, although the total quantity of 16N incorporated into the soil was much greater. The rate of 1"N incorporation into roots was much higher at the heading than at the tillering stage of growth. Definite enrichments were also found in the basal node and in the lower outer leaf sheath fractions after 3 days of exposure at the heading stage. Thirteen days was the shortest time period in which definite 16N enrichment was observed in the leaves and panicle. When plants were exposed to 1N2 for 13 days just before heading and then allowed to mature in a normal atmosphere, 11.3% of the total 16N in the system was found in the panicles, 2.3% in the roots, and 80.7% in the subsurface soil. These results provide direct evidence of heterotrophic N2 fixation associated with rice roots and the flooded soil and demonstrate that part of the newly fixed N is available to the plant.Nitrogen fixation by heterotrophic bacteria associated with rice (Oryza sativa L.) growing in flooded soil has been extensively studied, and this work has been summarized in a series of reviews (7,12,16). Most of these studies in the field and in the laboratory have used the acetylene reduction assay, and activity has been found in the lower portion of the stem, the roots, the rhizosphere soil, and in the bulk of the anaerobic soil (8,15,17,19). There have also been several studies which demonstrated incorporation of 15N2 into flooded rice soils without plants (5,11,14,19). Recently, Ito et al. (9) demonstrated incorporation of '5N2 into the roots, basal node, and decaying outer leaf sheaths of rice plants which had been transferred from the field and exposed to 1 N2 in N-free nutrient solution. These studies do not allow direct comparison of the activity in the soil versus that in the roots, and there is also no information on the fate of the fixed N. There have been few experiments done in which undisturbed grass soil systems were exposed to '5N2 and none with rice. De-Polli et al. (6) showed that the roots and rhizomes of Digitania decumbens and Paspalum notatum became enriched when soil cores containing these plants were exposed to '6N2 and presented some evidence for transport of the newly fixed nitrogen to the leaves of P. notatum. In the present study, rice plants growing in pots of flooded soil were exposed to

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 55%

Heterotrophic ¹⁵N₂ Fixation and Distribution of Newly Fixed Nitrogen in a Rice-Flooded Soil System

Eskew

Eaglesham²,

App³

1981

Plant Physiol.

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“…This was as described by Burris & Wilson (1957). The algal suspensions were placed in reaction flasks and attached to a closed culture apparatus which was provided with magnetic stirring or shaking mechanism and held under controlled conditions of temperature.…”

Section: )mentioning

confidence: 99%

Heterotrophy and Nitrogen Fixation in Chlorogloea fritschii

Fay

1965

Journal of General Microbiology

137

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SUMMARYThe blue-green alga Chlorogloea fritschii fixed elementary nitrogen to a limited extent in the dark in a strictly inorganic medium. Growth and nitrogen fixation continued in the dark when a suitable organic substrate was present in the medium. Among the organic substrates tested, sucrose ( 0 . 0 1~) was the most readily utilized and was outstanding in supporting nitrogen fixation in the dark. The alga was adapted to heterotrophic conditions after continuous incubation and repeated subcultivation in the dark. Inter-relations between carbon assimilation and nitrogen fixation under heterotrophic conditions were observed.

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“…Tbese were obtained by Kjeldahl digestion, distillation and Nesslerization (Burris and Wilson, 1957).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nitrogen Fixation by Lichens in Scotland

Hitch

Stewart

1973

New Phytologist

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SUMMARYOf thirty-six species of metabolically active lichens taken mainly from Scottish coastal habitats, eight showed a capacity to reduce acetylene to ethylene. These were species of Collema Web., Lichina C. Ag., Peltigera Willd. and Placopsis Nyl. and all contained a blue-green alga as the primary or secondary phycobiont. Acetylene reduction rates were sometimes high in the field and showed marked diurnal and seasonal variations. Nitrogenase activity was higher in vegetative than in fruiting thalli of Peltigera rufescens, and in P. canina was higher nearer the apices of the thalli than in older parts. Of the environmental factors affecting fixation, desiccation was the most important, temperature was less important and the lichens, while requiring light, could continue to fix nitrogen in the dark for up to 18 hours {Lichina confriis) and 26 hours {Peltigera rufescens). The average percentage nitrogen contents of nitrogen-fixing lichens (2.20%) was significantly higher than the non-nitrogen-fixing lichens (0.83%). The maximum and mean rates of nitrogen fixation by P. rufescens were 38.1 and 4

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[16] Methods for measurement of nitrogen fixation

Cited by 85 publications

References 9 publications

Heterotrophic ¹⁵N₂ Fixation and Distribution of Newly Fixed Nitrogen in a Rice-Flooded Soil System

Heterotrophic ¹⁵N₂ Fixation and Distribution of Newly Fixed Nitrogen in a Rice-Flooded Soil System

Heterotrophy and Nitrogen Fixation in Chlorogloea fritschii

Nitrogen Fixation by Lichens in Scotland

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[16] Methods for measurement of nitrogen fixation

Cited by 85 publications

References 9 publications

Heterotrophic 15N2 Fixation and Distribution of Newly Fixed Nitrogen in a Rice-Flooded Soil System

Heterotrophic 15N2 Fixation and Distribution of Newly Fixed Nitrogen in a Rice-Flooded Soil System

Heterotrophy and Nitrogen Fixation in Chlorogloea fritschii

Nitrogen Fixation by Lichens in Scotland

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Heterotrophic ¹⁵N₂ Fixation and Distribution of Newly Fixed Nitrogen in a Rice-Flooded Soil System

Heterotrophic ¹⁵N₂ Fixation and Distribution of Newly Fixed Nitrogen in a Rice-Flooded Soil System