“…The discovery in 1988 of giant MR ͑GMR͒ in antiferromagnetically coupled magnetic multilayers ͑e.g., Co/Cu͒, 2,3 and subsequently in other geometries such as granular systems ͑e.g., Co particles in a Cu matrix͒, 4,5 has attracted worldwide attention. The term GMR now refers to MR effects due to spin-dependent scattering, which can be ''giant'' ͑as much as 150% in ideal cases͒ 6 or small ͑of order 10% in most cases͒. In the multilayer geometry, GMR varies as cos , where is the angle between the magnetizations of the two FM layers.…”