Összefoglalás.
Jelen tanulmány célja a magányos elkövetők megismerése mellett annak körüljárása,
hogy mely módszerek lehetnek hasznosíthatók az ellenük folyó harcban, illetve
milyen problémákkal szembesülhetnek a témát kutató szakemberek. A szakirodalom
áttekintésével képet kaphatunk általános profiljukról. Tekintettel azonban arra,
hogy a magányos elkövetők kevés olyan tulajdonsággal rendelkeznek, amelyek
megkülönböztetik őket másoktól, elmondhatjuk, hogy megbízhatóan nem
profilozhatók. Továbbá a profilalkotás módszere csak bizonyos esetekben
segítheti az ellenük folyó küzdelmet, hiszen a módszer célja egy már megtörtént
bűncselekmény elemzése. A terrorcselekmények esetében pedig a hangsúly azok
megelőzésén van, melyben elsősorban a kockázatelemzési és társadalmi
jelzőrendszerek nyújthatnak segítséget.
Summary.
The aim of this study is to understand the lone actor terrorist and to discuss
which methods can be used to combat this specific type of terrorist. We will
review the main research findings on lone actors to understand their general
profile. Lone perpetrators are generally male and under 50 years of age. A
review of the literature suggests that there are some characteristics which lone
actors have in common, which relate to their behaviour prior to the terrorist
offence. Furthermore, there is a higher prevalence of mental disorders among
lone offenders compared to both the general population and organised terrorist
offenders. However, this cannot be considered as a causal factor. Given the fact
that lone offenders have few characteristics that distinguish them measurably
from other types of terrorist offenders, or even from society, it can be said
that they cannot be reliably profiled. The small amount of information and data
sets available to researchers (the closed treatment of case details) also makes
analysis and scientific investigation difficult. Furthermore, the profiling
method can only help in certain cases, since the aim of profiling is to analyse
an already existing, unknown offender. In the case of terrorist offences, the
focus is on prevention and deterrence, where risk analysis and social alarm
systems can be of particular help. We briefly present the TRAP-18 risk analysis
tool, which has proven useful in assessing the risk of lone offences.
The emergence of online space provides a new platform for radical organisations,
and thus for counter-terrorism services, to detect extremist groups and
individuals in virtual platforms. Open source information can also help risk
analysis, and if used professionally, can provide very specific information
about a targeted individual. Due to the limitations of this paper, the
radicalisation processes of lone offenders, as a very important part of the
subject, will not be discussed, and this article will focus on the differences
between the methods and their practical aspects. Overall, the benefits of
profiling lone offenders are not essentially practical work, but rather in
supporting the development of risk analysis methods and as part of the cognition
process.
