“…An effective departmental culture and supportive environment would also provide essential financial and instructional resources, appropriately distribute teaching workloads, offer opportunities for professional development and sabbatical leaves, as well as to facilitate regular travel and research funds. Dundar and Lewis (1998) concur that the culture of an institution is an important factor in determining the research performance of individual faculty and in establishing institutional research culture. However, the challenge facing HEIs is that research cultures do not happen spontaneously, but are created and nourished over time (Schein, 1992;Senge, Kleiner, Roberts, Ross, & Smith, 1994).…”