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Description of the Predator Bush Cricket, Saga Ephippigera Fischer Von Waldheim, 1846 (Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae) From Erbil Province, Kurdistan Region- Iraq

“…For identifying the specimens, several keys were used (Kaltenbach, 1967;Bei-Bienko, 1964;Ragge, 1964;Kaltenbach, 1990;Çıplak, 2003;Mahasneh and Katbeh-Bader, 2004;Şirin et al, 2019;Khudhur and Ahmed, 2020). Then insects were deposited in the Insect Museum-Plant Protection Department, Directorate of Agriculture Researches, Ministry of Agriculture and Water Resources, Erbil, Iraq.…”

“…Tettigoniidae Krauss, 1902 is a family of the suborder Ensifera includes 17 subfamilies, which contains almost 6,000 species, in 1070 genera and in the Palearctic region, it is represented by six subfamilies (Çıplak, 2003;Mahasneh and Katbeh-Bader, 2004;Krištín and Kanuch, 2007;Sevgili et al, 2011;Taylan et al, 2019). One of them is the subfamily Saginae in which the predatory bush crickets genus Saga Charpentier, 1825 represent one of the largest Palearctic Orthoptera, with 16 species, ten inhabit Asia (Azerbaijan, Armenia, Caucasus, Turkey, Syria, Palestine, Lebanon, Jordan, Israel, Iran and Iraq), the rest occur in Europe (Uvarov, 1938;Rentz and Colless, 1990).…”

Anatolian Short-Horned Grasshoppers Unveiled: Integrating Biogeography and Pest Potential

“…Uvarov's study constituted the basis for subsequent studies [13,20,21]. Recently, a significant number of publications on Anatolian biogeography containing Orthoptera content have emerged [25][26][27]. The coupling of Orthoptera and Anatolian biogeography has peculiarities for several reasons.…”

“…Third, several orthopteran lineages possess imprints of the tempestuously dynamic geographic history of Anatolia in their phylogeny. Connected to this radiation history, Anatolia harbours a considerable number of tribal, generic, or species taxa that are endemic or predominantly Anatolian in distribution [21,[25][26][27][28][29]. Thus, studies on the biophylogeography of Anatolian Orthoptera provide a multidimensional perspective, extending from taxonomy to evolution and ecology.…”

“…Such a perspective is misleading phylogeographically, as are several lineages that specifically originated and evolved here, such as several genera of Pamphagidae [31,32], some lineages of Gomphocerinae [33], and many lineages of Ensifera [9,12,24]. As suggested by both early [34] and recent studies [9,25,27,35], the reverse case, i.e., defining Anatolia as a centre of radiation and dispersing from Anatolia to the surrounding geographic area, seems much more likely. Documenting all incompatible or inadequate accounts on Anatolian biogeography is beyond the aims of the present study, but all indicate the necessity of a reconsideration, particularly with respect to the distribution pattern of Caelifera diversity.…”